Chapter 1 Introduction Abstract 1.1 Background 11.2 Problem Statement 21.3 Research Questions 41.4 Research Aims and Objectives 41.5 Rationale for the Study 41.6 The Area for Development 51.7 The Significant of the Study 61.8 Limitation and Scope of Study 71.9 Organization of Chapters 8References 9Chapter 2 13
An Overview ans Understanding the Building Deterioration 13Abstract 132.1 Introduction 132.2 Overview on Defects and Maintenance Management 142.3 Building Stock in Malaysia 162.4 School Building in Malaysia 19 2.4.1 Malaysian National Educational Systems 19 2.4.2 Categories of Educational Institutions 20 2.4.3 Conditions and Performance of School Buildings 212.5 Types of Building Defects 232.6 Common Building Defects and Possible Causes 24 2.6.1 Defects in Building 32 2.6.1.1 Leakage 32 2.6.1.2 Tilt / Crook 33 2.6.1.3 Rust / Corrosion 33 2.6.1.4 Spalling 34 2.6.1.5 Peel off / Torn/Tattered / Ragged 35 2.6.1.6 Mould / Fungi 36 2.6.1.7 Decay 36 2.6.1.8 Dampness 37 2.6.1.9 Sagging 39 2.6.1.10 Crack 39 2.6.1.11 Clogged 402.7 Impact of Building Defects 41References 41Chapter 3 46Factors Contributing to Building Defects 46Abstract 463.1 Introduction 463.2 Defects Factors 463.3 Technical Factors 53 3.3.1 Faulty Design 53 3.3.2 Poor Detailing 54 3.3.3 Faulty Drawing 54 3.3.4 Not Complying with Specification 55 3.3.5 Structural 55 3.3.6 Poor Waterproofing 55 3.3.7 Improper use of Material 56 3.3.8 Lack of Maintenance 56 3.3.9 Poor Construction 57 3.3.10 Building Size 57 3.3.11 Type of Building 58 3.3.12 Building Orientation 583.4 Environmental Factor 59 3.4.1 Insect Attack 59 3.4.2 Biological Agent Attack 59 3.4.3 Changes of Climatic Condition 60 3.4.4 Poor Ventilation 60 3.4.5 Reaction of Thermal Agent 61 3.4.6 Excessive Moisture 61 3.4.7 Reaction of Chemical Agent 61 3.4.8 Soil Movement Impact 623.5 Human Factor 62 3.5.1 Misuse by User 63 3.5.2 Vandalism 63 3.5.3 Wear and Tear 63 3.5.4 Change of Usage 63 3.5.5 Poor Workmanship 64 3.5.6 Lack of Supervision 64 3.5.7 Lack of Knowledge 65 3.5.8 Poor Operation 65 3.5.9 Lack of Cleaning 653.6 Selection of Independent Variables 65References 66Chapter 4 70Building Condition Monitoring and Assessment 70Abstract 704.1 Introduction 704.2 Building Condition Assessment Techniques 714.3 Condition Assessment Systems 724.4 Building Condition Rating Scale 724.5 The Practice of Building Condition Assessment 74 4.5.1 Dutch Building Condition Assessment Standard 74 4.5.1.1 Condition Assessment Process 75 4.5.2 Queensland Building Condition Assessment Standard 76 4.5.2.1 Condition Assessment Process 76 4.5.3 Royal Institute Chartered Surveyor (RICS) Standard 79 4.5.3.1 Condition Assessment Process 79 4.5.3.2 Condition Rating 80 4.5.4 Current Practices Condition Assessment in Malaysia 814.6 Building Condition Maintenance Assessment System (BCMAS) 81 4.6.1 Scope of Work 82 4.6.2 Methodology 83 4.6.2.1 Desk Data Collection 83 4.6.2.2 Logistic 83 4.6.2.3 Checklist 83 4.6.2.4 Data Analysis 844.7 Building Condition Assessment Rating Systems (BCARS) 84 4.7.1 Standardization 85 4.7.2 Development of BCARS 86 4.7.3 Piloting 87 4.7.4 Improvement and Approval 88 4.7.5 Method of Assessment 89 4.7.5.1 Inspection Checklist 90 4.7.5.2 Identifying the Defects 91 4.7.5.3 Physical Condition Assessment 91 4.7.5.4 Maintenance Priority Assessment 92 4.7.5.5 Defects Score and Building Rating 934.8 Comparison between BCMAS and BCARS 95 4.8.1 Building Hierarchy Information 95 4.8.2 Rating Scale, Representation and Inspection 96 4.8.3 BCMAS Rating and BCARS Rating 97References 99Chapter 5 101Research Methodology 101Abstract 1015.1 Introduction 1015.2 Methodology of Research 1015.3 The Research Process 1025.4 Determine the Research Question 102 5.4.1 Initial Idea 102 5.4.2 Identifying the Problem Statement 1025.5 Proposed of Mixed Method 1065.6 Select Research Methodology 107 5.6.1 Research Approach - Triangulation Design 107 5.6.2 Population and Sampling 111 5.6.2.1 Population 111 5.6.2.2 Sampling Frame 111 5.6.2.3 Sampling 112 5.6.2.4 Sampling Size Determination 1165.7 Data Collection 116 5.7.1 Quantitative Method 116 5.7.1.1 Condition Assessment 116 5.7.1.2 Checklist/Form Consists of Building Component 116 5.7.1.3 Identifying of Defects/Failures 117 5.7.1.4 Assessment for Physical Condition 117 5.7.1.5 Assessment for Maintenance Priority Action 118 5.7.1.6 Defect Score - BCARS 119 5.7.1.7 Condition Rating 119 5.7.2 Qualitative Method -Semi structured Interview and Archived Document 120 5.7.2.1 Archived Document 120 5.7.2.2 Semi-Structured Interview 1215.8 Analysis of Data 124 5.8.1 Quantitative Analysis 124 5.8.1.1 Descriptive Statistic 124 i) Frequency Distribution 124 ii) Central Tendency 124 iii) Dispersion 125 5.8.2 Normality Test 125 5.8.3 Reliability Analysis 126 5.8.4 Bi-Variate Analysis 126 5.8.4.1 Spearman Rank-Order Correlation Techniques 127 5.8.5 Regression Analysis 127 5.8.6 Qualitative Analysis 128 5.8.7 Content Analysis 1295.9 Data Interpretation 1305.10 Legitimation / validity and reliability 1305.11 Conclusion 130References 132Chapter 6 136 Analysis and Research Findings 136Abstract 1366.1 Introduction 1366.2 Quantitative Analysis 137 6.2.1 Descriptive Analysis Result 137 6.2.1.1 Type of School 137 6.2.1.2 The Number of School and Total Defects according to State 138 6.2.1.3 Total Defects according to State 138 6.2.1.4 Building Condition Rating according to States 139 6.2.1.5 The Factors Contribute to the Building Defects 141 6.2.1.6 Type of Defects 1426.3 Reliability 1446.4 Correlation Analysis 147 6.4.1 To Establish a Significant Relationship Between Factors and Building Condition 147 6.4.1.1 Relationship of Lack of Maintenance to Building Condition 148 6.4.1.2 Relationship of Vandalism to Building Condition 149 6.4.1.3 Relationship of Poor Waterproofing to Building Condition 150 6.4.1.4 Relationship of Lack of Supervision to Building Condition 150 6.4.1.5 Relationship of Lack of Cleaning to Building Condition 150 6.4.1.6 Relationship of Misuse by User to Building Condition 151 6.4.2 To Establish a Significant Relationship Between Factors and Building Condition 1516.5 Regression Analysis 1526.6 Qualitative Analysis 154 6.6.1 Content Analysis 154 6.6.2 Semi-Structured Interview Result 155 6.6.2.1 Interview Result to Ranking Analysis Result 157 i) Factor which have Strong Sinificant and affect the Overall Condition of the Building 158 ii) Factor which have Least Sinificant and affect the Overall Condition of the Building 161 iii) Factors which have Zero Variance to the Overall Condition of the Building 169 iv) Theoretical Framework 173 a) Independent Variables 173 b) Mediating Variables 176 c) Dependent Variables 177 v) The Use of Standard Buildin Condition Assessment in the Study 1786.7 Discussion on Overall Finding 181 6.7.1 Validation of Ranking Analysis Results 181 6.7.2 Validation of Correlation Analysis Results 181 6.7.3 Validation of Theoretical Framework 182References 185Chapter 7 188Conclusion and Recommendations 188Abstract 1887.1 Conclusion of the Study 188 7.2.1 Objective 1: To identify the factors contributing to the building defects 188 7.2.2 Objective 2: To investigate the condition of the public school buildings through building condition assessment 189 7.2.3 Objective 3: To establish critical factors contributing to the school buildings defects and relationship to building condition 190 7.2.4 Objective 4: To develop a building deterioration prediction model (BDPM) based on building condition 1917.3 Contribution to the Knowledge 1927.4 Recommendation for Future Research 192
