Preface
Attention
I Stress and Emotion Theory
1 Regulation of the Energetic Level of Behavior: Performance under Stress Consisting of High Discrepancy between Intensity of Stimulation and Level of Reactivity
Changes in Reactivity Scores under Unfavorable Interaction: High Stimulation × High Arousability
Experiment 1
Experiment 2
Conclusions
Summary
References
2 A Structural Phenomenology of Stress
Reversal Theory
Stress in Reversal Theory
Relevant Research
The Inevitability of Stress
Summary
References
3 Susceptibility to Stress and Anxiety in Relation to Performance, Emotion, and Personality: The Ergopsychometric Approach
Nascent Stages of Ergopsychometry
Studies Confirming Ergopsychometry’s Prognostic Value
Ergopsychometry Branches Out
Ergopsychometry in the Clinic
Discussion and Conclusions
Summary
References
4 Stress Model Development and Testing by Group Psychometrics and One-Subject Psychophysiology
Measurement of Perceived Coping Incapacity
The Link between Perceived Coping Incapacity and Physiological Stress Responses and Development of a Psychosomatics Scale
The Measurement of Different Aspects of Perceived Coping Incapacity
Prediction of Examination Performance: The Influence of Motivation, Perceived Coping Incapacity, Anxiety State, and Planning Orientation
Specific Perceived Coping Incapacity Factors Predicting Sets of Psychosomatic Complaints
One-Subject Psychophysiological Study of Stress Generation Measures and Psychophysiological Stress Responses
A Small-Group Psychophysiological Study on Stress and Performance
Future Developments in Research on the Testing of Stress Theory
Concluding Comment
Summary
References
II Stress, Conflict, and Personality
5 The Nature and Logic of Intrapsychic Conflicts
Historical Background
The Structure of Intrapsychic Conflicts
Theoretical Implications
Conclusions
Summary
References
6 Intrapersonal Conflict, Life Stress, and Emotion
Method
Results
Conflict and Mood
Conclusions
Summary
References
7 Personality and Generalization as a Source of Stress
Method
Hypothesis
Subjects
Results and Discussion
Summary
References
III Emotional Reactions to Stress
8 Emotional Reactions of Pregnant Women to Ultrasound Scanning and Postpartum
Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
9 Determinants of Changes in Trait Anxiety
The Emotion Process
The State-Trait Anxiety Distinction in Relation to Assessment of Interventions
Trait Anxiety Changes of Dispositional Hyperventilators
Effects of Treatment of the Stress Response Syndrome on Changes in Trait Anxiety
The Treatment of Stuttering and Anxiety Changes
Type A Behavior, Somatic Complaints, and Anxiety Changes
Specific Concerns as Guidance for Adequate Interventions
Summary
References
10 Influence of Coping Dispositions and Danger-Related Information on Emotional and Coping Reactions of Individuals Anticipating an Aversive Event
Theoretical Foundations
Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
11 Panic Disorder and Responses to Naturally Occurring and Experimentally Induced Stressors
Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
12 The Spielberger Anger Expression Scale: Factor Structure and Correlations with Blood Pressure
Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
IV Physiological Reactions to Stress
13 Neurophysiological Studies of Stress, Arousal, and Anxiety
Research Strategies
Relationships between Mood and Contingent Negative Variation
Relationship between Contingent Negative Variation and Perceived Control
Relationships between Mood and Perceived Control
A Working Schema
Neuropsychological Theories of Anxiety
Discussion and Conclusions
Summary
References
14 Emotional and Cortisol Response to Uncontrollable Stress
Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
15 Stress and Steroid Hormone Modulation of GABA-Mediated Responses
Summary
References
16 One State’s Agony, the Other’s Delight: Perspectives on Coping and Musculoskeletal Complaints
Consciousness and Skeletal Muscles
Musculoskeletal Complaints in Modern Societies
Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism in Striate Muscles
Ergonomic and Psychogenic Risks: Acute and Enduring Loads
Experimental Studies of Enduring and Acute Electromyographic Activation
The Tension and Effort Stress Inventory
Back Complaints and Responses to the Tension and Effort Stress Inventory
Conclusion
Summary
References
Appendix
V Stress, Type a Behavior, and Heart Disease
17 Occupational Stress, Type A Behavior, and Risk of Coronary Disease
Occupation and Coronary Heart Disease
Occupation and the Type A Behavior Pattern
Type A Behavior, Occupation, and Coronary Risk Factors
Type A Behavior, Occupation, and Coronary Heart Disease: Mechanisms of Influence
Summary
References
18 Type A Behavior and the Processing of Causal Attributions of Success and Failure
Study 1
Study 2
General Discussion
Summary
References
19 Attributions of Type A Individuals in an Academic Stress Situation
Method
Results
Discussion
Summary
References
20 Two Kinds of Type A Behavior Pattern
Heterogeneity of Type A Persons
Temperament and the Type A Behavior Pattern
Summary
References
Author Index
Subject Index
