Section Section Description Page Number
Foreword p. xxix
Acknowledgments p. xxxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction p. 1
1.1 Objectives of This Book p. 3
1.2 What This Book Does Not Cover p. 4
1.3 Who This Book Is For p. 4
1.4 How This Book Is Organized p. 4
1.5 Conventions p. 9
Symbols and Figures p. 9
Summary of Key Points p. 9
1.6 Additional Information p. 9
Updates, Errata, and Resources (www.servicetechbooks.com) p. 9
Referenced Specifications (www.servicetechspecs.com) p. 10
The Service Technology Magazine (www.servicetechmag.com) p. 10
International Service Technology Symposium (www.servicetechsymposium.com) p. 10
What Is Cloud? (www.whatiscloud.com) p. 10
What Is REST? (www.whatisrest.com) p. 10
Cloud Computing Design Patterns (www.cloudpatterns.org) p. 10
Service-Orientation (www.serviceorientation.com) p. 11
CloudSchool.com Certified Cloud (CCP) Professional (www.cloudschool.com) p. 11
SOASchool.com SOA Certified (SOACP) Professional (www.soaschool.com) p. 11
Notification Service p. 11
Chapter 2 Case Study Background p. 13
2.1 Case Study #1: ATN p. 14
Technical Infrastructure and Environment p. 14
Business Goals and New Strategy p. 15
Roadmap and Implementation Strategy p. 15
2.2 Case Study #2: DTGOV p. 16
Technical Infrastructure and Environment p. 17
Business Goals and New Strategy p. 18
Roadmap and Implementation Strategy p. 19
2.3 Case Study #3: Innovartus Technologies Inc p. 20
Technical Infrastructure and Environment p. 20
Business Goals and Strategy p. 20
Roadmap and Implementation Strategy p. 21
Part I Fundamental Cloud Computing
Chapter 3 Understanding Cloud Computing p. 25
3.1 Origins and Influences p. 26
A Brief History p. 26
Definitions p. 27
Business Drivers p. 28
Capacity Planning p. 28
Cost Reduction p. 29
Organizational Agility p. 30
Technology Innovations p. 30
Clustering p. 31
Grid Computing p. 31
Virtualization p. 32
Technology Innovations vs. Enabling Technologies p. 32
3.2 Basic Concepts and Terminology p. 33
Cloud p. 33
IT Resource p. 34
On-Premise p. 36
Cloud Consumers and Cloud Providers p. 36
Scaling p. 37
Horizontal Scaling p. 37
Vertical Scaling p. 37
Cloud Service p. 38
Cloud Service Consumer p. 40
3.3 Goals and Benefits p. 40
Reduced Investments and Proportional Costs p. 41
Increased Scalability p. 42
Increased Availability and Reliability p. 43
3.4 Risks and Challenges p. 45
Increased Security Vulnerabilities p. 45
Reduced Operational Governance Control p. 45
Limited Portability Between Cloud Providers p. 47
Multi-Regional Compliance and Legal Issues p. 48
Chapter 4 Fundamental Concepts and Models p. 51
4.1 Roles and Boundaries p. 52
Cloud Provider p. 52
Cloud Consumer p. 52
Cloud Service Owner p. 53
Cloud Resource Administrator p. 54
Additional Roles p. 56
Organizational Boundary p. 56
Trust Boundary p. 57
4.2 Cloud Characteristics p. 58
On-Demand Usage p. 59
Ubiquitous Access p. 59
Multitenancy (and Resource Pooling) p. 59
Elasticity p. 61
Measured Usage p. 61
Resiliency p. 61
4.3 Cloud Delivery Models p. 63
Infrastructure-as-a-Service (IaaS) p. 64
Platform-as-a-Service (PaaS) p. 65
Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) p. 66
Comparing Cloud Delivery Models p. 67
Combining Cloud Delivery Models p. 69
IaaS + PaaS p. 69
IaaS + PaaS + SaaS p. 72
4.4 Cloud Deployment Models p. 73
Public Clouds p. 73
Community Clouds p. 74
Private Clouds p. 75
Hybrid Clouds p. 77
Other Cloud Deployment Models p. 78
Chapter 5 Cloud-Enabling Technology p. 79
5.1 Broadband Networks and Internet Architecture p. 80
Internet Service Providers (ISPs) p. 80
Connectionless Packet Switching (Datagram Networks) p. 83
Router-Based Interconnectivity p. 83
Physical Network p. 84
Transport Layer Protocol p. 84
Application Layer Protocol p. 85
Technical and Business Considerations p. 85
Connectivity Issues p. 85
Network Bandwidth and Latency Issues p. 88
Cloud Carrier and Cloud Provider Selection p. 89
5.2 Data Center Technology p. 90
Virtualization p. 90
Standardization and Modularity p. 90
Automation p. 91
Remote Operation and Management p. 92
High Availability p. 92
Security-Aware Design, Operation, and Management p. 92
Facilities p. 92
Computing Hardware p. 93
Storage Hardware p. 93
Network Hardware p. 95
Carrier and External Networks Interconnection p. 95
Web-Tier Load Balancing and Acceleration p. 95
LAN Fabric p. 95
SAN Fabric p. 95
NAS Gateways p. 95
Other Considerations p. 96
5.3 Virtualization Technology p. 97
Hardware Independence p. 98
Server Consolidation p. 98
Resource Replication p. 98
Operating System-Based Virtualization p. 99
Hardware-Based Virtualization p. 101
Virtualization Management p. 102
Other Considerations p. 102
5.4 Web Technology p. 103
Basic Web Technology p. 104
Web Applications p. 104
5.5 Multitenant Technology p. 106
5.6 Service Technology p. 108
Web Services p. 109
REST Services p. 110
Service Agents p. 111
Service Middleware p. 112
5.7 Case Study Example p. 113
Chapter 6 Fundamental Cloud Security p. 117
6.1 Basic Terms and Concepts p. 118
Confidentiality p. 118
Integrity p. 119
Authenticity p. 119
Availability p. 119
Threat p. 120
Vulnerability p. 120
Risk p. 120
Security Controls p. 120
Security Mechanisms p. 121
Security Policies p. 121
6.2 Threat Agents p. 121
Anonymous Attacker p. 122
Malicious Service Agent p. 123
Trusted Attacker p. 123
Malicious Insider p. 123
6.3 Cloud Security Threats p. 124
Traffic Eavesdropping p. 124
Malicious Intermediary p. 124
Denial of Service p. 126
Insufficient Authorization p. 127
Virtualization Attack p. 127
Overlapping Trust Boundaries p. 129
6.4 Additional Considerations p. 131
Flawed Implementations p. 131
Security Policy Disparity p. 132
Contracts p. 132
Risk Management p. 133
6.5 Case Study Example p. 135
Part II Cloud Computing Mechanisms
Chapter 7 Cloud Infrastructure Mechanisms p. 139
7.1 Logical Network Perimeter p. 140
Case Study Example p. 142
7.2 Virtual Server p. 144
Case Study Example p. 145
7.3 Cloud Storage Device p. 149
Cloud Storage Levels p. 149
Network Storage Interfaces p. 150
Object Storage Interfaces p. 151
Database Storage Interfaces p. 151
Relational Data Storage p. 151
Non-Relational Data Storage p. 152
Case Study Example p. 152
7.4 Cloud Usage Monitor p. 155
Monitoring Agent p. 155
Resource Agent p. 155
Polling Agent p. 157
Case Study Example p. 157
7.5 Resource Replication p. 161
Case Study Example p. 162
7.6 Ready-Made Environment p. 166
Case Study Example p. 167
Chapter 8 Specialized Cloud Mechanisms p. 169
8.1 Automated Scaling Listener p. 170
Case Study Example p. 172
8.2 Load Balancer p. 176
Case Study Example p. 177
8.3 SLA Monitor p. 178
Case Study Example p. 180
SLA Monitor Polling Agent p. 180
SLA Monitoring Agent p. 180
8.4 Pay-Per-Use Monitor p. 184
Case Study Example p. 187
8.5 Audit Monitor p. 189
Case Study Example p. 189
8.6 Failover System p. 191
Active-Active p. 191
Active-Passive p. 194
Case Study Example p. 196
8.7 Hypervisor p. 200
Case Study Example p. 201
8.8 Resource Cluster p. 203
Case Study Example p. 206
8.9 Multi-Device Broker p. 208
Case Study Example p. 209
8.10 State Management Database p. 210
Case Study Example p. 211
Chapter 9 Cloud Management Mechanisms p. 213
9.1 Remote Administration System p. 214
Case Study Example p. 219
9.2 Resource Management System p. 219
Case Study Example p. 221
9.3 SLA Management System p. 222
Case Study Example p. 224
9.4 Billing Management System p. 225
Case Study Example p. 227
Chapter 10 Cloud Security Mechanisms p. 229
10.1 Encryption p. 230
Symmetric Encryption p. 231
Asymmetric Encryption p. 231
Case Study Example p. 233
10.2 Hashing p. 234
Case Study Example p. 235
10.3 Digital Signature p. 236
Case Study Example p. 238
10.4 Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) p. 240
Case Study Example p. 242
10.5 Identity and Access Management (IAM) p. 243
Case Study Example p. 244
10.6 Single Sign-On (SSO) p. 244
Case Study Example p. 246
10.7 Cloud-Based Security Groups p. 247
Case Study Example p. 249
10.8 Hardened Virtual Server Images p. 251
Case Study Example p. 252
Part III Cloud Computing Architecture
Chapter 11 Fundamental Cloud Architectures p. 255
11.1 Workload Distribution Architecture p. 256
11.2 Resource Pooling Architecture p. 257
11.3 Dynamic Scalability Architecture p. 262
11.4 Elastic Resource Capacity Architecture p. 265
11.5 Service Load Balancing Architecture p. 268
11.6 Cloud Bursting Architecture p. 271
11.7 Elastic Disk Provisioning Architecture p. 272
11.8 Redundant Storage Architecture p. 275
11.9 Case Study Example p. 277
Chapter 12 Advanced Cloud Architectures p. 281
12.1 Hypervisor Clustering Architecture p. 282
12.2 Load Balanced Virtual Server Instances Architecture p. 288
12.3 Non-Disruptive Service Relocation Architecture p. 293
12.4 Zero Downtime Architecture p. 298
12.5 Cloud Balancing Architecture p. 299
12.6 Resource Reservation Architecture p. 301
12.7 Dynamic Failure Detection and Recovery Architecture p. 306
12.8 Bare-Metal Provisioning Architecture p. 309
12.9 Rapid Provisioning Architecture p. 312
12.10 Storage Workload Management Architecture p. 315
12.11 Case Study Example p. 321
Chapter 13 Specialized Cloud Architectures p. 323
13.1 Direct I/O Access Architecture p. 324
13.2 Direct LUN Access Architecture p. 326
13.3 Dynamic Data Normalization Architecture p. 329
13.4 Elastic Network Capacity Architecture p. 330
13.5 Cross-Storage Device Vertical Tiering Architecture p. 332
13.6 Intra-Storage Device Vertical Data Tiering Architecture p. 337
13.7 Load Balanced Virtual Switches Architecture p. 340
13.8 Multipath Resource Access Architecture p. 342
13.9 Persistent Virtual Network Configuration Architecture p. 344
13.10 Redundant Physical Connection for Virtual Servers Architecture p. 347
13.11 Storage Maintenance Window Architecture p. 350
Part IV Working With Clouds
Chapter 14 Cloud Delivery Model Considerations p. 359
14.1 Cloud Delivery Models: The Cloud Provider Perspective p. 360
Building IaaS Environments p. 360
Data Centers p. 361
Scalability and Reliability p. 363
Monitoring p. 363
Security p. 364
Equipping PaaS Environments p. 364
Scalability and Reliability p. 365
Monitoring p. 367
Security p. 367
Optimizing SaaS Environments p. 367
Security p. 370
14.2 Cloud Delivery Models: The Cloud Consumer Perspective p. 370
Working with IaaS Environments p. 370
IT Resource Provisioning Considerations p. 372
Working with PaaS Environments p. 373
IT Resource Provisioning Considerations p. 373
Working with SaaS Services p. 374
14.3 Case Study Example p. 375
Chapter 15 Cost Metrics and Pricing Models p. 379
15.1 Business Cost Metrics p. 380
Up-Front and On-Going Costs p. 380
Additional Costs p. 381
Case Study Example p. 382
Product Catalog Browser p. 382
On-Premise Up-Front Costs p. 382
On-Premise On-Going Costs p. 383
Cloud-Based Up-Front Costs p. 383
Cloud-Based On-Going Costs p. 383
Client Database p. 385
On-Premise Up-Front Costs p. 385
On-Premise On-Going Costs p. 385
Cloud-Based Up-Front Costs p. 385
Cloud-Based On-Going Costs p. 385
15.2 Cloud Usage Cost Metrics p. 387
Network Usage p. 387
Inbound Network Usage Metric p. 387
Outbound Network Usage Metric p. 388
Intra-Cloud WAN Usage Metric p. 388
Server Usage p. 389
On-Demand Virtual Machine Instance Allocation Metric p. 389
Reserved Virtual Machine Instance Allocation Metric p. 389
Cloud Storage Device Usage p. 390
On-Demand Storage Space Allocation Metric p. 390
I/O Data Transferred Metric p. 390
Cloud Service Usage p. 390
Application Subscription Duration Metric p. 390
Number of Nominated Users Metric p. 391
Number of Transactions Users Metric
15.3 Cost Management Considerations p. 391
Pricing Models p. 393
Additional Considerations p. 395
Case Study Example p. 396
Virtual Server On-Demand Instance Allocation p. 397
Virtual Server Reserved Instance Allocation p. 399
Cloud Storage Device p. 401
WAN Traffic p. 401
Chapter 16 Service Quality Metrics and SLAs p. 403
16.1 Service Quality Metrics p. 404
Service Availability Metrics p. 405
Availability Rate Metric p. 405
Outage Duration Metric p. 406
Service Reliability Metrics p. 407
Mean-Time Between Failures (MTBF) Metric p. 407
Reliability Rate Metric p. 407
Service Performance Metrics p. 407
Network Capacity Metric p. 408
Storage Device Capacity Metric p. 408
Server Capacity Metric p. 408
Web Application Capacity Metric p. 408
Instance Starting Time Metric p. 409
Response Time Metric p. 409
Completion Time Metric p. 409
Service Scalability Metrics p. 409
Storage Scalability (Horizontal) Metric p. 410
Server Scalability (Horizontal) Metric p. 410
Server Scalability (Vertical) Metric p. 410
Service Resiliency Metrics p. 411
Mean-Time to Switchover (MTSO) Metric p. 411
Mean-Time System Recovery (MTSR) Metric p. 412
16.2 Case Study Example p. 412
16.3 SLA Guidelines p. 413
16.4 Case Study Example p. 416
Scope and Applicability p. 416
Service Quality Guarantees p. 416
Definitions p. 417
Usage of Financial Credits p. 417
SLA Exclusions p. 418
Part V Appendices
Appendix A Case Study Conclusions p. 421
A.1 ATN p. 422
A.2 DTGOV p. 422
A.3 Innovartus p. 424
Appendix B Industry Standards Organizations p. 427
B.1 National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) p. 428
B.2 Cloud Security Alliance (CSA) p. 429
B.3 Distributed Management Task Force (DMTF) p. 429
B.4 Storage Networking Industry Association (SNIA) p. 430
B.5 Organization for the Advancement of Structured Information Standards (OASIS) p. 430
B.6 The Open Group p. 430
B.7 Open Cloud Consortium (OCC) p. 431
B.8 European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) p. 431
B.9 Telecommunications Industry Association (TIA) p. 431
B.10 Liberty Alliance p. 432
B.11 Open Grid Forum (OGF) p. 432
Appendix C Mapping Mechanisms to Characteristics p. 433
Appendix D Data Center Facilities (TIA-942) p. 437
D.1 Primary Rooms p. 438
Electrical Room p. 438
Mechanical Room p. 438
Storage and Staging p. 438
Offices, Operations Center, and Support p. 438
Telecommunications Entrance p. 438
Computer Room p. 439
D.2 Environmental Controls p. 440
External Electrical Power Provider Interconnection p. 440
Power Distribution p. 441
Uninterruptible Power Source (UPS) p. 441
Power Engine-Generator p. 441
D.3 Infrastructure Redundancy Summary p. 442
Appendix E Emerging Technologies p. 443
E.1 Autonomic Computing p. 444
E.2 Grid Computing p. 445
Service Grids p. 446
Appendix F Cloud Provisioning Contracts p. 449
F.1 Cloud Provisioning Contract Structure p. 450
Terms of Service p. 452
Service Usage Policy p. 452
Security and Privacy Policy p. 453
Warranties and Liabilities p. 455
Rights and Responsibilities p. 455
Termination and Renewal p. 456
Specifications and SLAs p. 456
Pricing and Billing p. 457
Other Issues p. 457
Legal and Compliance Issues p. 457
Auditability and Accountability p. 457
Changes in the Contract Terms and Conditions p. 457
F.2 Cloud Provider Selection Guidelines p. 458
Cloud Provider Viability p. 458
Appendix G Cloud Business Case Template p. 461
G.1 Business Case Identification p. 462
G.2 Business Needs p. 462
G.3 Target Cloud Environment p. 463
G.4 Technical Issues p. 464
G.5 Economic Factors p. 464
About the Authors p. 465
About the Foreword Contributor p. 467
About the Contributors p. 469
Index p. 471
