Intro -- Preface -- Readership -- Comments or Suggestions -- Acknowledgments -- Contents -- Notes on Contributors -- List of Figures -- List of Tables -- Part I: Research Approaches and Methodology -- 1: Applied Linguistics Research: Current Issues, Methods, and Trends -- Introduction -- Evolution of Applied Linguistics Research -- Methodological Reform in Applied Linguistics -- Published Books in Applied Linguistics -- The Present Handbook -- Research Approaches and Methodologies -- Primary and Secondary Research -- Basic and Applied Research -- Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Research -- Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods Research -- Research Process -- Research Instruments, Techniques, and Data Sources -- Research Analysis -- Qualitative Versus Quantitative Analysis -- Breadth Versus Depth -- Research Topics and Areas -- Transdisciplinarity -- From Language to Semiotics -- Technological Developments -- Ethical Research Practices and Commitment to Social Change -- Conclusion -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 2: Habits of Mind: How Do We Know What We Know? -- Attending and Disattending -- Rhetoric -- Epistemology -- (In)commensurability -- Conclusion -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 3: Quantitative Methodology -- Introduction -- Defining Quantitative Research -- Introduction to the Empirical Study -- Means Comparison Analysis -- Longitudinal Analysis -- Repeated-Measures ANOVA -- Model-Based Analysis -- Summary -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 4: Qualitative Methodology -- Introduction -- Historical Development -- Philosophical and Methodological Premises -- Epistemology and Ontology Underlying QR in Applied Linguistics -- Validity and Quality of QR -- Current Trends and Issues -- Overview of Research Designs/Types -- Varieties of Qualitative Approaches -- Case Study -- Ethnography -- Conversation Analysis -- Grounded Theory -- Narrative Inquiry -- Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) -- Action Research -- Other Qualitative Methodologies -- Theoretical Frameworks -- Data Collection Methods -- Data Analysis Methods -- Gaps, Challenges, and Controversial Issues -- Limitations and Future Directions -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 5: Mixed Methodology -- Introduction -- Definitions -- Current Issues -- The Qualitative-Quantitative Dichotomy -- Why Choose a Mixed Methodology Design? -- Types of Mixed Methods Studies -- Concurrent Designs -- Sequential Designs -- Explanatory Design -- Exploratory Design -- Sequential Embedded Design -- New Trends in Mixed Methods Designs -- Doing Mixed Methods in Applied Linguistics Studies -- Planning -- Implementation -- Analysis -- Challenges in Mixed Methods Research -- Pros and Cons to Mixed Methods Designs -- Limitations of Mixed Methods Designs -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 6: Traditional Literature Review and Research Synthesis -- Introduction -- Traditional Literature Review -- Stages -- Stage 1: Defining the Probl.
em -- Stage 2: Searching for the Literature -- Stage 3: Selecting Studies -- Stage 4: Reading the Literature -- Stage 5: Organizing the Data -- Stage 6: Writing Up the Review -- Research Synthesis -- Meta-Analysis -- How to Do Meta-Analysis? -- Stage 1: Identifying a Topic -- Stage 2: Collecting Data -- Stage 3: Coding the Data -- Stage 4: Analysing the Data -- Stage 5: Writing Up the Research Report -- Traditional Review and Research Synthesis: Comparison and Integration -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 7: Research Replication -- Introduction -- History -- Current Issues -- Overview of Design -- Challenges -- Interpretation of Results -- Qualitative Research Replications -- Bias Issues -- Reporting and Data Sharing Issues -- Future Directions -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 8: Ethical Applied Linguistics Research -- Introduction -- Historical Development -- Current Core Issues -- Challenges and Controversial Issues -- Question 1: Who Defines What a Language Community Is and Who Speaks for Them? -- Question 2: How Do We Balance a Participant’s Right to Confidentiality with His/Her Desire to Be Known for Participating in Research? -- Question 3: How Do We Ensure Informed Consent Has Been Collected, Given That Cultures Have Differences in Opinions on Research Ethics and the Terminology Used in the Consent Process? -- Question 4: What Right Do Participants Have to Their Data Once a Project Has Been Completed? Can Researchers Continue to Use the Data They Collected for Various Analyses, or Does Every New Analysis Require a Renewal of Consent? -- Question 5: What Ethical Role Does a Researcher Have After the Research Paper Is Published? Are Researchers Responsible for How Their Data Is Appropriated by Governments or Teachers, and Would They Need to Withdraw a Paper If It Contains Data That Has -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 9: Writing a Research Proposal -- Introduction -- Tools for Developing a Research Proposal -- What Is the Question I Am Trying to Answer? -- How Have Others Tried to Answer It? -- Why Is It Worth Answering? -- How Am I Going to Go About Answering It? -- Your “Two-Pager” -- So What Will My Research Proposal Look Like? -- Criteria for Assessing Research Proposals -- Conclusion -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 10: Writing a Research Article -- Introduction -- Macro-structure of Research Articles -- Abstracts -- Introductions -- Methods -- Results, Discussions, and Conclusions -- Conclusion on Macro-structure of Research Articles -- Rhetorical Features Characterizing Applied Linguistics Research Articles -- Implications for Writing a Research Article and Conclusions -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- Part II: Research Instruments, Techniques, and Data Sources -- 11: Interviews and Focus Groups -- Introduction -- Definitional Matters -- Historical Development -- Two Research Interviewing Traditions -- Survey Interviews -- (Auto)Biographical Interviews .
-- Two Core Issues -- Interview as Research Instrument -- Interview as Social Practice -- Overview of Interview Formats -- Structured Interviews -- Open Interviews -- Semi-structured Interviews -- Conjoint and Group Interviews -- Focus Group Interviews -- Challenges and Controversial Issues -- Interviews as “Naturalistic” vs. “Contrived” -- Rapport -- Language and Interculturality -- Limitations and Future Directions -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 12: Observation and Fieldnotes -- Introduction -- Current/Core Issues -- Essential Processes/Steps -- What to Write in Fieldnotes -- Reliability/Validity -- Analysing Fieldnotes -- When to Write Fieldnotes -- What to Include in Fieldnotes -- Technology and Fieldnotes -- Limitations and Future Directions -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 13: Online Questionnaires -- Introduction -- Sampling -- Types of Sampling -- The Difficulty of Attaining Balance in Terms of Age, Education Level and Gender -- Reaching Vulnerable or Closed Niche Groups -- Sample Size -- How Much Is Enough? -- Getting the Ball Rolling -- Does the Questionnaire Look Attractive and Professional? -- Limitations and Future Directions -- Conclusion -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 14: Psycholinguistic Methods -- Introduction -- Tasks and Measures -- Decision Tasks -- Latency Measures -- Language Production -- Event-Related Potentials -- Psycholinguistic Paradigms -- Priming -- Visual World -- Language Learning Paradigms -- Novel Word Learning -- Speech Segmentation -- Artificial Grammars -- Artificial, Semi-Artificial, and Mini-Languages -- Conclusions -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 15: SLA Elicitation Tasks -- Introduction -- Judgment Tasks -- Grammaticality Judgments -- What Do Judgment Data Reflect? -- Preparing a GJT -- Number of Sentences -- Timing -- Modality -- Scale -- Corrections -- Instructions -- Scoring -- Magnitude Estimation -- Preference Judgments -- Truth-Value Judgments -- Elicited Imitation -- History and Purposes of Use -- Validation -- Considerations -- Conclusion -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 16: Introspective Verbal Reports: Think-Alouds and Stimulated Recall -- Introduction -- Historical Development -- Origin and Use in Applied Linguistics -- Core Issues -- Reactivity with Think-Alouds -- Veridicality with Think-Alouds -- Reactivity and Veridicality with Stimulated Recall -- Overview of Research Types -- Challenges and Controversial Issues -- Challenges -- Controversial Issues -- Limitations and Future Directions -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 17: Corpus Research Methods for Language Teaching and Learning -- Introduction -- Current Issues -- The Role of Frequency -- (Lexis-)grammar in Context -- The Role of Learner Corpus Data -- Challenges and Controversial Issues -- Limitations and Future Directions -- Resources for Further Reading -- References -- 18: Digital Discourses Research and Methods -- Introduction -.
