Machine generated contents note: P.1. Overview of SPSS: What Are You Looking At? -- P.2. Preview of SPSS in Focus -- ch. 1 Introduction to Scientific Thinking -- 1.1. Science as a Method of Knowing -- 1.2. The Scientific Method -- 1.3. Other Methods of Knowing -- 1.4. The Goals of Science -- 1.5. Approaches in Acquiring Knowledge -- 1.6. Distinguishing Science From Pseudoscience -- ch. 2 Generating Testable Ideas -- 2.1. Generating Interesting and Novel Ideas -- 2.2. Converting Ideas to Hypotheses and Theories -- 2.3. Developing Your Idea: Deduction and Induction -- 2.4. Performing a Literature Review -- 2.5. Ethics in Focus: Giving Proper Credit -- 2.6. The "3 Cs" of an Effective Literature Review -- 2.7. Testing Your Idea: Confirmation and Disconfirmation -- 2.8. Ethics in Focus: Publication Bias -- ch. 3 Research Ethics -- 3.1. Ethics in Behavioral Research -- 3.2.
The Need for Ethics Committees in Research: A Historical Synopsis -- 3.3. Ethics in Focus: Examples From Psychology -- 3.4. Human Participant Research: IRBs and the APA Code of Conduct -- 3.5. Ethics in Focus: Anonymity and Confidentiality -- 3.6. Animal Subject Research: IACUCs and the APA Code of Conduct -- 3.7. Additional Ethical Considerations: Scientific Integrity -- ch. 4 Identifying Scientific Variables -- 4.1. Criteria for Defining and Measuring Variables -- 4.2. Constructs and Operational Definitions -- 4.3. Types of Variables -- 4.4. Scales of Measurement -- 4.5. Reliability of a Measurement -- 4.6. Validity of a Measurement -- 4.7. Selecting a Measurement Procedure -- 4.8. Ethics in Focus: Replication as a Gauge for Fraud? -- 4.9. SPSS in Focus: Entering and Coding Data -- ch. 5 Sampling From Populations -- 5.1. Why Do Researchers Select Samples? -- 5.2. Subjects, Participants, and Sampling Methods --
5.3. Methods of Sampling: Nonprobability Sampling -- 5.4. Methods of Sampling: Probability Sampling -- 5.5. Sampling Error and Standard Error of the Mean -- 5.6. SPSS in Focus: Estimating the Standard Error of the Mean -- 5.7. Potential Biases in Sampling -- 5.8. Ethics in Focus: Participant Pools -- 5.9. SPSS in Focus: Identifying New Populations Using the One-Sample t Test -- ch. 6 Choosing a Research Design -- 6.1. Designing a Study to Answer a Question -- 6.2. Categories of Research Design -- 6.3. Internal and External Validity -- 6.4. Demonstrating Cause in an Experiment -- 6.5. Ethics in Focus: Beneficence and Random Assignment -- 6.6. Threats to the Internal Validity of a Research Study -- 6.7. Threats to the External Validity of a Research Study -- 6.8. External Validity, Experimentation, and Realism -- 6.9. A Final Thought on Validity and Choosing a Research Design -- ch. 7
Naturalistic, Qualitative, and Existing Data Research Designs -- Naturalistic Observation -- 7.1. An Overview of Naturalistic Observation -- 7.2. The Research Setting: Natural and Contrived Settings -- 7.3. Techniques for Conducting Naturalistic Observation -- 7.4. Ethics in Focus: Influencing Participant Behavior -- Qualitative Designs -- 7.5. An Overview of Qualitative Designs -- 7.6. Qualitative Research Designs -- 7.7. Ethics in Focus: Anonymity in Qualitative Research -- Existing Data Designs -- 7.8. An Overview of Existing Data Designs -- 7.9. Existing Data Designs -- 7.10. Ethics in Focus: Existing Data and Experimenter Bias -- ch. 8 Survey and Correlational Research Designs -- Survey Designs -- 8.1. An Overview of Survey Designs -- 8.2. Types of Survey Items -- 8.3. Rules for Writing Survey Items -- 8.4. Administering Surveys -- 8.5. Surveys, Sampling, and Nonresponse Bias -- 8.6.
Ethics in Focus: Handling and Administering Surveys -- Correlational Designs -- 8.7. The Structure of Correlational Designs -- 8.8. Describing the Relationship Between Variables -- 8.9. Limitations in Interpretation -- 8.10. Correlation, Regression, and Prediction -- 8.11. SPSS in Focus: Correlation and Linear Regression -- ch. 9 Quasi-Experimental and Single-Case Experimental Designs -- Quasi-Experimental Designs -- 9.1. An Overview of Quasi-Experimental Designs -- 9.2. Quasi-Experimental Design: One-Group Designs -- 9.3. Quasi-Experimental Design: Nonequivalent Control Group Designs -- 9.4. Quasi-Experimental Design: Time Series Designs -- 9.5. Quasi-Experimental Design: Developmental Designs -- 9.6. Ethics in Focus: Development and Aging -- Single-Case Experimental Designs -- 9.7. An Overview of Single-Case Designs -- 9.8. Single-Case Baseline-Phase Designs -- 9.9. Validity, Stability, Magnitude, and Generality --
9.10. Ethics in Focus: The Ethics of Innovation -- ch. 10 Between-Subjects Experimental Designs -- 10.1. Conducting Experiments: Between-Subjects Design -- 10.2. Experimental Versus Control Group -- 10.3. Manipulation and the Independent Variable -- 10.4. Variability and the Independent Variable -- 10.5. Ethics in Focus: The Accountability of Manipulation -- 10.6. Comparing Two Independent Samples -- 10.7. SPSS in Focus: Two-Independent-Sample tTest -- 10.8. Comparing Two or More Independent Samples -- 10.9. SPSS in Focus: One-Way Between-Subjects ANOVA -- 10.10. Measuring the Dependent Variable -- 10.11. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Between-Subjects Design -- ch. 11 Within-Subjects Experimental Designs -- 11.1. Conducting Experiments: Within-Subjects Design -- 11.2. Controlling Time-Related Factors -- 11.3. Ethics in Focus: Minimizing Participant Fatigue -- 11.4. Individual Differences and Variability --
11.5. Comparing Two Related Samples -- 11.6. SPSS in Focus: Related-Samples tTest -- 11.7. Comparing Two or More Related Samples -- 11.8. SPSS in Focus: One-Way Within-Subjects ANOVA -- 11.9. An Alternative to Pre-Post Designs: Solomon Four-Group Design -- 11.10. Comparing Between-Subjects and Within-Subjects Designs -- ch. 12 Factorial Experimental Designs -- 12.1. Testing Multiple Factors in the Same Experiment -- 12.2. Selecting Samples for a Factorial Design in Experimentation -- 12.3. Types of Factorial Designs -- 12.4. Ethics in Focus: Participant Fatigue and Factorial Designs -- 12.5. Main Effects and Interactions -- 12.6. Identifying Main Effects and Interactions in a Graph -- 12.7. Including Quasi-Independent Factors in an Experiment -- 12.8. Reasons for Including Two or More Factors in an Experiment -- 12.9. Higher-Order Factorial Designs -- 12.10.
SPSS in Focus: General Instructions for Conducting a Factorial ANOVA -- ch. 13 Analysis and Interpretation: Exposition of Data -- 13.1. Descriptive Statistics: Why Summarize Data? -- 13.2. Frequency Distributions: Tables and Graphs -- 13.3. Measures of Central Tendency -- 13.4. Measures of Variability -- 13.5. SPSS in Focus: Central Tendency and Variability -- 13.6. Graphing Means and Correlations -- 13.7. Using Correlation to Describe Reliability -- 13.8. SPSS in Focus: Cronbach''s Alpha and Cohen''s Kappa -- 13.9. Ethics in Focus: Deception Due to the Distortion of Data -- ch. 14 Analysis and Interpretation: Making Decisions About Data -- 14.1. Inferential Statistics: What Are We Making Inferences About? -- 14.2. Types of Error and Power -- 14.3. Parametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree -- 14.4. Nonparametric Tests: Applying the Decision Tree -- 14.5. SPSS in Focus: The Chi-Square Tests -- 14.6.
Effect Size: How Big Is an Effect in the Population? -- 14.7. Estimation:-What Are the Possible Values of a Parameter? -- 14.8. Confidence Intervals, Significance, and Effect Size -- 14.9. Issues for Interpretation: Precision and Certainty -- 14.10. Ethics in Focus: Full Disclosure of Data -- ch. 15 Communicating Research: Preparing Manuscripts, Posters, and Talks -- 15.1. Elements of Communication -- 15.2. Writing a Manuscript: Writing Style and Language -- 15.3. Elements of an APA-Style Manuscript -- 15.4. Literature Reviews -- 15.5. Reporting Observations in Qualitative Research -- 15.6. Ethics in Focus: Credit and Authorship -- 15.7. Presenting a Poster -- 15.8. Giving a Professional Talk -- A.1. Essentials for Writing APA-Style Research Papers -- A.2. Grammar, Punctuation, and Spelling (GPS) Writing Guide -- A.3. Sample APA-Style Manuscript -- A.4. Poster Template and Sample Poster -- B.1.
Random Numbers Table -- B.2. Constructing a Latin Square -- C.1. General Instructions Guide for Using SPSS -- C.2. Statistical Tables.
