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CONTENTS
Tallinn Manual 2.0 International Group of Experts and Other PARTicipants = xii
Tallinn Manual 1.0 International Group of Experts and Other PARTicipants = xix
Foreword by Toomas Hendrik Ilves, President of the Republic of Estonia = xxiii
Foreword by Bert Koenders, Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kingdom of the Netherlands = xxv
Short form citations = xxviii
Table of concordance = xxxviii
Introduction = 1
PART Ⅰ General international law and cyberspace = 9
 1 Sovereignty = 11
  Rule 1 ? Sovereignty (general principle) = 11
  Rule 2 ? Internal sovereignty = 13
  Rule 3 ? External sovereignty = 16
  Rule 4 ? Violation of sovereignty = 17
  Rule 5 ? Sovereign immunity and inviolability = 27
 2 Due diligence = 30
  Rule 6 ? Due diligence (general principle) = 30
  Rule 7 ? Compliance with the due diligence principle = 43
 3 Jurisdiction = 51
  Rule 8 ? Jurisdiction (general principle) = 51
  Rule 9 ? Territorial jurisdiction 55
  Rule 10 ? Extraterritorial prescriptive jurisdiction = 60
  Rule 11 ? Extraterritorial enforcement jurisdiction = 66
  Rule 12 ? Immunity of States from the exercise of jurisdiction = 71
  Rule 13 ? International cooperation in law enforcement = 75

 4 Law of international responsibility = 79
  Section 1 : Internationally wrongful acts by a State = 79
   Rule 14 ? Internationally wrongful cyber acts = 84
   Rule 15 ? Attribution of cyber operations by State organs = 87
   Rule 16 ? Attribution of cyber operations by organs of other States = 93
   Rule 17 ? Attribution of cyber operations by non-State actors = 94
   Rule 18 ? Responsibility in connection with cyber operations by other States = 100
   Rule 19 ? Circumstances precluding wrongfulness of cyber operations = 104
  Section 2 : State countermeasures and necessity = 111
   Rule 20 ? Countermeasures (general principle) = 111
   Rule 21 ? Purpose of countermeasures = 116
   Rule 22 ? Limitations on countermeasures = 122
   Rule 23 ? Proportionality of countermeasures = 127
   Rule 24 ? States entitled to take countermeasures = 130
   Rule 25 ? Effect of countermeasures on third PARTies = 133
   Rule 26 ? Necessity = 135
  Section 3 : Obligations of States for internationally wrongful acts = 142
   Rule 27 ? Cessation, assurances, and guarantees = 142
   Rule 28 ? Reparation (general principle) = 144
   Rule 29 ? Forms of reparation = 148
   Rule 30 ? Breach of obligations owed to the international community as a whole = 152
  Section 4 : Responsibility of international organisations = 153
   Rule 31 ? General principle = 157
 5 Cyber operations not per se regulated by international law = 168
  Rule 32 ? Peacetime cyber espionage = 168
  Rule 33 ? Non-State actors = 174
PART Ⅱ Specialised regimes of international law and cyberspace = 177
 6 International human rights law = 179
  Rule 34 ? Applicability = 182

  Rule 35 ? Rights enjoyed by individuals = 187
  Rule 36 ? Obligations to respect and protect international human rights = 196
  Rule 37 ? Limitations = 201
  Rule 38 ? Derogation = 207
 7 Diplomatic and consular law = 209
  Rule 39 ? Inviolability of premises in which cyber infrastructure is located = 212
  Rule 40 ? Duty to protect cyber infrastructure = 217
  Rule 41 ? Inviolability electronic archives, documents, and correspondence = 219
  Rule 42 ? Free communication = 225
  Rule 43 ? Use of premises and activities of officials = 227
  Rule 44 ? Privileges and immunities of diplomatic agents and consular officers = 230
 8 Law of the sea = 232
  Rule 45 ? Cyber operations on the high seas = 233
  Rule 46 ? The right of visit and cyber operations = 235
  Rule 47 ? Cyber operations in the exclusive economic zone = 239
  Rule 48 ? Cyber operations in the territorial sea = 241
  Rule 49 ? Cyber operations in the territorial sea during armed conflict = 245
  Rule 50 ? Exercise of jurisdiction in relation to foreign vessels in the territorial sea = 246
  Rule 51 ? Cyber operations in the contiguous zone = 248
  Rule 52 ? Cyber operations in international straits = 249
  Rule 53 ? Cyber operations in archipelagic waters = 251
  Rule 54 ? Submarine communication cables = 252
 9 Air law = 259
  Rule 55 ? Control of aircraft conducting cyber operations in national airspace = 261
  Rule 56 ? Cyber operations in international airspace = 265
  Rule 57 ? Cyber operations jeopardising the safety of international civil aviation = 268
 10 Space law = 270
  Rule 58 ? Peaceful purposes and uses of force = 273
  Rule 59 ? Respect for space activities = 277
  Rule 60 ? Supervision, responsibility, and liability = 279
 11 International telecommunication law = 284
  Rule 61 ? Duty to establish, maintain, and safeguard international telecommunication infrastructure = 288
  Rule 62 ? Suspension or stoppage of cyber communications = 291
  Rule 63 ? Harmful interference = 294
  Rule 64 ? Exemption of military radio installations = 298
PART Ⅲ International peace and security and cyber activities = 301
 12 Peaceful settlement = 303
  Rule 65 ? Peaceful settlement of disputes = 303
 13 Prohibition of intervention = 312
  Rule 66 ? Intervention by States = 312
  Rule 67 ? Intervention by the United Nations = 325
 14 The use of force = 328
  Section 1 : Prohibition of the use of force = 329
   Rule 68 ? Prohibition of threat or use of force = 329
   Rule 69 ? Definition of use of force = 330
   Rule 70 ? Definition of threat of force = 338
  Section 2 : Self-defence = 339
   Rule 71 ? Self-defence against armed attack = 339
   Rule 72 ? Necessity and proportionality = 348
   Rule 73 ? Imminence and immediacy = 350
   Rule 74 ? Collective self-defence = 354
   Rule 75 ? Reporting measures of self-defence = 355
 15 Collective security = 357
  Rule 76 ? United Nations Security Council = 357
  Rule 77 ? Regional organisations = 360
  Rule 78 ? Peace operations = 361
  Rule 79 ? Peace operations personnel, installations, materiel, units, and vehicles = 368
PART Ⅳ The law of cyber armed conflict = 373
 16 The law of armed conflict generally = 375
  Rule 80 ? Applicability of the law of armed conflict = 375
  Rule 81 ? Geographical limitations = 378
  Rule 82 ? Characterisation as international armed conflict = 379
  Rule 83 ? Characterisation as non-international armed conflict = 385
  Rule 84 ? Individual criminal responsibility for war crimes = 391
  Rule 85 ? Criminal responsibility of commanders and superiors = 396
 17 Conduct of hostilities = 401
  Section 1 : PARTicipation in armed conflict = 401
   Rule 86 ? PARTicipation generally = 401
   Rule 87 ? Members of the armed forces = 402
   Rule 88 ? Levee en masse = 408
   Rule 89 ? Spies = 409
   Rule 90 ? Mercenaries = 412
   Rule 91 ? Civilians = 413
  Section 2 : Attacks generally = 414
   Rule 92 ? Definition of cyber attack = 415
   Rule 93 ? Distinction = 420
  Section 3 : Attacks against persons = 422
   Rule 94 ? Prohibition of attacking civilians = 422
   Rule 95 ? Doubt as to status of persons = 424
   Rule 96 ? Persons as lawful objects of attack = 425
   Rule 97 ? Civilian direct participants in hostilities = 428
   Rule 98 ? Terror attacks = 433
  Section 4 : Attacks against objects = 434
   Rule 99 ? Prohibition of attacking civilian objects = 434
   Rule 100 ? Civilian objects and military objectives = 435
   Rule 101 ? Objects used for civilian and military purposes = 445
   Rule 102 ? Doubt as to status of objects = 448
  Section 5 : Means and methods of warfare = 451
   Rule 103 ? Definitions of means and methods of warfare = 452
   Rule 104 ? Superfluous injury or unnecessary suffering = 453
   Rule 105 ? Indiscriminate means or methods = 455
   Rule 106 ? Cyber booby traps = 457
   Rule 107 ? Starvation = 459
   Rule 108 ? Belligerent reprisals = 460
   Rule 109 ? Reprisals under Additional Protocol I = 463
   Rule 110 ? Weapons review = 464
  Section 6 : Conduct of attacks = 467
   Rule 111 ? Indiscriminate attacks = 467
   Rule 112 ? Clearly separated and distinct military objectives = 469
   Rule 113 ? Proportionality = 470
  Section 7 : Precautions = 476
   Rule 114 ? Constant care = 476
   Rule 115 ? Verification of targets = 478
   Rule 116 ? Choice of means or methods = 479
   Rule 117 ? Precautions as to proportionality = 481
   Rule 118 ? Choice of targets = 481
   Rule 119 ? Cancellation or suspension of attack = 483
   Rule 120 ? Warnings = 484
   Rule 121 ? Precautions against the effects of cyber attacks = 487
  Section 8 : Perfidy and improper use = 491
   Rule 122 ? Perfidy = 491
   Rule 123 ? Ruses = 495
   Rule 124 ? Improper use of the protective indicators = 496
   Rule 125 ? Improper use of United Nations emblem = 499
   Rule 126 ? Improper use of enemy indicators = 499
   Rule 127 ? Improper use of neutral indicators = 503
  Section 9 : Blockades and zones = 504
   Rule 128 ? Maintenance and enforcement of blockades = 508
   Rule 129 ? Effect of blockades on neutral activities = 509
   Rule 130 ? Zones = 510
 18 Certain persons, objects, and activities = 512
  Section 1 : Medical and religious personnel and medical units, transports, and material = 513
   Rule 131 ? Medical and religious personnel, medical units and transports = 513
   Rule 132 ? Medical computers, computer networks, and data = 515
   Rule 133 ? Identification = 515
   Rule 134 ? Loss of protection and warnings = 517
  Section 2 : Detained persons = 519
   Rule 135 ? Protection of detained persons = 520
   Rule 136 ? Correspondence of detained persons = 522
   Rule 137 ? Compelled PARTicipation in military activities = 523
  Section 3 : Children = 524
   Rule 138 ? Protection of children = 524
  Section 4 : Journalists = 526
   Rule 139 ? Protection of journalists = 526
  Section 5 : Installations containing dangerous forces = 529
   Rule 140 ? Duty of care during attacks on dams, dykes, and nuclear electrical generating stations = 529
  Section 6 : Objects indispensable to the survival of the civilian population = 531
   Rule 141 ? Protection of objects indispensable to survival = 531
  Section 7 : Cultural property = 534
   Rule 142 ? Respect for and protection of cultural property = 534
  Section 8 : The natural environment = 537
   Rule 143 ? Protection of the natural environment = 537
  Section 9 : Collective punishment = 539
   Rule 144 ? Collective punishment = 539
  Section 10 : Humanitarian assistance = 540
   Rule 145 ? Humanitarian assistance = 540
 19 Occupation = 543
  Rule 146 ? Respect for protected persons in occupied territory = 544
  Rule 147 ? Public order and safety in occupied territory = 546
  Rule 148 ? Security of the Occupying Power = 548
  Rule 149 ? Confiscation and requisition of property = 549
 20 Neutrality = 553
  Rule 150 ? Protection of neutral cyber infrastructure = 555
  Rule 151 ? Cyber operations in neutral territory = 556
  Rule 152 ? Neutral obligations = 558
  Rule 153 ? Response by PARTies to the conflict to violations = 560
  Rule 154 ? Neutrality and Security Council actions = 562
Glossary = 563
Index = 569