CONTENTS
Table of Contents = ⅴ
Preface = xiii
PART Ⅰ. Monologism and Dialogism Contrasted
CHAPTER I Perspectives on language and discourse = 3
1.1 Language as system vs. language in practice = 3
1.2 Discourse : Individuals' use of language or interactions-in-contexts = 5
1.3 Dialogism, dialogicality and dialogue = 8
1.4 The traditional conflation of 'dialogism' and 'dialogue = 9
1.5 Dialogue : Interaction between co-present individuals through symbolic means = 12
CHAPTER 2. Monologism : Its basic assumptions = 17
2.1 Cognition and communication as empirically distinct phenomena = 17
2.2 Cognition as information processing by individuals = 18
2.3 The transfer-and-exchange model of communication = 21
2.4 The code model of language structure = 24
2.5 The indirect dependence on written language in monologism = 27
2.6 The ontological assumptions of monologism = 32
CHAPTER 3. Dialogism : Some historical roots and present-day trends = 35
3.1 Interactions, contexts and social (re)construction = 35
3.2 Dialogism of classical times = 37
3.3 Before the 20th century = 38
3.4 Some 20th century traditions = 40
3.4.1 Phenomenology : Perspectives and multiple realities = 40
3.4.2 Pragmatism : The gradual emergence of meaning = 43
3.4.3 Symbolic interactionism and social behaviourism : The three-step model of communicative interaction = 44
3.4.4 Sociocultural theory : Activity types and semiotic mediation = 46
3.4.5 Summary : Some dialogistic ideas = 48
3.5 Some present-day research traditions. : Empirical studies of discourse in interaction and contexts = 49
CHAPTER 4. Language structure and linguistic practices = 55
4.1 The monologistic theory : Social realism plus individualism = 55
4.2 Radical interactionism = 57
4.3 Social constructionism = 59
PART Ⅱ. Interacting and making sense in contexts
CHAPTER 5. The dynamics of dialogue = 67
5.I Conversation as the habitat of dialogical principles = 67
5.2 The sequential organization of a social activity = 69
5.3 Coordination and synchronization of utterance segments in dialogue - = 71
5.4 Co-accomplishment in concerted activities = 73
5.5 Interaction as expressing and testing mutual understanding = 77
5.6 The local production of meaning and coherence = 80
5.7 Dialogue as a series of opportunities for relevant continuations = 82
5.8 The dynamics of discourse units = 84
5.9 Summary : Some dialogical principles = 85
5.9.1 Sequentiality = 85
5.9.2 Joint construction = 86
5.9.3 Act-activity interdependence = 87
5.9.4 A superordinate principle : Reflexivity between discourse and contexts = 88
5.10 Differing perspectives on dialogicality = 89
CHAPTER 6. Speakers and listeners = 91
6.1 Monological speakers or dialogical interlocutors = 91
6.2 Speaking : The production of utterances? = 92
6.3 Embodied minds and persons in interaction = 96
6.4 The production of utterance meaning = 97
6.4.1 Reference and situated description = 98
6.4.2 Responsive properties = 99
6.4.3 Obligational aspects = 100
6.4.4 The 'why' of communication = 100
6.4.5 Social languages = 101
6.5 The role of the speaker's partners in authoring utterances = 101
6.5.1 The addressee = 102
6.5.2 Other listeners = 104
6.5.3 Principals and remote audiences = 107
6.6 Conclusion = 109
CHAPTER 7. Sense-making in discourse and the situated fixation of linguistic meanings = 111
7.1 Linguistic meaning and situated interpretation = 111
7.2 Meaning in fixed codes and fixed contexts, or accomplishments in situated activities = 112
7.3 Situatedness : Contextualization, decontextualization and recontextualization = 115
7.4 The nature of lexical meanings : Stable features or dynamic potentials? = 118
7.5 Fixed word meanings or temporary fixations = 121
CHAPTER 8. Contexts in discourse and discourse in contexts = 127
8.1 The incompleteness of language = 127
8.2 Types of contextual resources = 128
8.3 Dimensions of contexts : cross-classifying contexts and contextual resources = 131
8.4 Two perspectives on contexts of discourse = 134
8.5 Some additional properties of contexts = 136
8.5.1 Backgrounding = 136
8.5.2 Relevance = 137
8.5.3 Partial sharedness = 138
8.5.4 Dynamics of utterance, contexts and understanding = 139
8.6 Recontextualizations at the micro-level ; selective use of cotextual resources = 140
8.7 Fragments of discourses and contexts = 144
8.8 Local decontextualizations = 148
8.9 Perspectival conflicts and competing context spaces = 151
8.10 Recontextualizations at a global level : Intertextuality and interdiscursivity = 154
CHAPTER 9. Elementary contributions to discourse = 159
9.1 Elementary building-blocks : Utterances, idea units and turns at talk = 159
9.2 The response-initiative structure of contributions to dialogue = 161
9.3 Excursus : The elements of social action = 166
9.4 Varieties of contributions to dialogue = 169
9.5 Utterances that are not full-fledged contributions to dialogue = 173
9.6 Initiative and response as relational aspects of turns = 175
9.7 Coding elementary contributions to dialogue = 177
9.8 The dialogicality of larger units of discourse = 178
CHAPTER 10. Episodes and topics = 181
10.1 Topic progression in the flow of discourse = 181
10.2 The joint production of a topic = 183
10.3 Episodes : units of natural social interaction = 186
10.4 Monotopical and polytopical episodes = 188
10.5 Non-topical episodes = 190
10.6 Local and global coherence = 191
10.7 Topical trajectories and transitions between episodes = 193
10.8 Topical development in monologue = 195
10.9 Episodes as the locus for creating temporarily shared understanding = 198
10.10 The gradual determination of indeterminate topics = 200
10.11 Episodes and topics as emergent and dynamic events = 200
10.12 Units of talk-in-interaction = 202
CHAPTER 11. Communicative projects = 207
11.1 Communicative actions as interactions = 207
11.2 Speech act theory : Monological acts by individual speakers = 208
11.3 Intentionality and responsibility = 211
11.4 From speech acts to local sequences, language games and communicative projects = 212
11.5 The notion of a 'communicative project' : A first approximation = 217
11.6 Communicative projects : Asymmetrical participation and collective accomplishment = 220
11.7 Limits to sharedness : Misalignment of parties' projects, and coordination of competing goals = 224
11.8 The nested nature of projects = 225
11.9 Communicative strategies : Methods of accomplishing communicative projects = 227
11.10 The past- and future-orientation of communicative projects = 230
11.11 'Communicative project' as a discourse-analytic concept = 231
CHAPTER 12. Situation definitions, activity types and communicative genres = 235
12.1 Activity types as situation definitions = 235
12.2 Communicative genres = 238
12.3 Genres of 'ordinary conversation' = 241
12.4 The global structure of activities : Core activities and phase structure = 243
12.5 Communication in relation to non-communicative activities = 244
12.6 Coherence, relevance and topic progression as activity-dependent = 249
12.7 The creative accomplishment of routines within genres = 253
12.8 The partial sharedness of activities and genres = 254
12.9 Classifying communicative activities in families = 257
PART Ⅲ. Monologism and dialogism reconciled? = 261
CHAPTER 13. Dialogism : opportunities and limitations = 263
13.1 Dialogical principles and the theory of discourse structure = 263
13.2 Dialogue theory and empirical methods = 265
13.3 Extending dialogue theory : A general epistemology for communication and cognition = 266
13.3.1 Monological speech and thought = 267
13.3.2 Dialogism and written texts = 268
13.4 Dialogism as opposed to radical social constructionism = 270
13.4.1 Subjects and agency = 270
13.4.2 The material basis as constraints on discursive construction = 271
13.5 Dialogism as a context-specific framework = 274
13.6 The limits of dialogism = 275
CHAPTER 14. Reconstructing monologism as a special case = 277
14.1 Monologism and dialogism as perspectivized frameworks = 277
14.2 In support of monologistic practices = 278
14.3 From decontextualizing practices to decontextualized theories = 281
14.4 Conclusion = 286
References = 289
Appendix : Transcription conventions = 321
Index = 323
