CONTENTS
Foreword = xiii
Preface = xv
CHAPTER 1 The Study and Analysis of Human Movement = 1
1.1 Kinesiology and Biomechanics : Areas of Study = 1
1.2 Approaches for Studying Movement = 3
Understanding the Study of Human Movement = 6
CONCEPT MODULE A The Skeletal System and Its Articulations = 7
A.1 The Skeletal System = 7
A.2 Articulations = 17
Understanding the Skeletal-Articular Structures = 22
CONCEPT MODULE B The Body's Link System and Its Movements = 24
B.1 The Movement of a System Within a Frame of Reference = 24
B.2 Types of Motion Exhibited by a System = 26
Understanding Motions of a System = 28
B.3 The Body's Link System and Its Movements = 28
Understanding the Body's Link System and Its Movements = 41
B.4 Anthropometric Characteristics of the Body = 42
Understanding Anthropometric Measures = 51
CHAPTER 2 Neuromuscular Aspects of Movement = 52
2.1 Functional Aspects of the Muscular System = 52
2.2 Types and Functions of Muscular Tension = 57
Understanding the Characteristics of the Muscular System and Muscular Tension = 59
2.3 Functional Aspects of the Neuromuscular System = 60
2.4 Factors Influencing the Production of Muscular Tension and Force Applied to Bone = 64
Understanding the Neuromuscular System and Factors Affecting Muscular Force on Bone = 71
2.5 Functional Aspects of the Sensorimotor System = 72
Understanding the Sensorimotor System = 76
CONCEPT MODULE C Visualizing forces = 80
C.1 What is Force? = 80
C.2 The Four Properties of Force = 81
C.3 Mass, Gravity, and Weight = 81
C.4 Center of Gravity = 82
Understanding Force and Center of Gravity = 83
C.5 Force Diagrams and Vectors = 83
Understanding Force Diagrams and Vectors = 89
CONCEPT MODULE D Forces and Movement = 91
D.1 Action and Reaction Forces = 91
D.2 Internal and External Forces = 93
D.3 Motive and Resistive forces = 95
Understanding Force Identification = 98
D.4 Force vs. Pressure = 98
D.5 Friction Force = 99
D.6 Centripetal and Centrifugal Forces = 102
D.7 Elastic Force = 102
D.8 Buoyant Force = 104
D.9 The Free Body Diagram(FBD) = 104
Understanding Different Types of Force = 105
D.10 Work = 106
D.11 Power = 106
D.12 Energy = 106
Understanding Work, Power, and Energy = 107
CONCEPT MODULE E Torque and Rotation = 109
E.1 Torque = 109
E.2 The Effect of Two or More Torques Applied to a Body = 111
E.3 Systems in Linear and Rotary Motion = 114
Understanding Torque = 115
E.4 Segmental Torques and the Body's Center of Gravity Location = 116
Understanding the Center of Gravity = 123
E.5 Torque around the Body's Center of Buoyancy = 124
Understanding Buoyancy and Flotation = 128
CHAPTER 3 Body Balance and Stability Control = 129
3.1 Balance, Equilibrium, and Stability = 129
3.2 Controlling Balance in Static Positions = 136
Understanding Balance, Equilibrium, and Stability = 138
3.3 Controlling Balance During Movement = 138
Understanding Balance Control = 143
CHAPTER 4 Biomechanics of the Museuloskeletal System = 145
4.1 Leverlike Arrangements = 145
Understanding Torques on the Musculoskeletal System = 151
Understanding Applications to Musculoskeletal Structures = 155
4.2 Wheel and Axlelike Arrangements = 162
4.3 Pulleylike Arrangements = 164
4.4 General Considerations of Musculokeletal Machines = 165
Understanding Musculokeletal Machines = 166
CHAPTER 5 Biomechanical Relationship in the Upper Extremity = 168
5.1 The Shoulder Girdle Complex = 168
5.2 The Shoulder Joint = 173
Understanding the Shoulder Girdle-Shoulder Joint Complex = 181
5.3 The Elbow Joint = 182
5.4 The Radioulnar Joint = 184
5.5 The Wrist Joint = 185
Understanding the Elbow, Radioulnar, and Wrist Joints = 189
CHAPTER 6 Biomechanical Relationships in the Lower Extremity = 193
6.1 The Hip Joint = 193
6.2 The Knee Joint = 198
Understanding the Hip and Knee Joints = 205
6.3 The Tibiofibular Joint = 206
6.4 The Ankle and Foot = 206
Understanding the Ankle and Foot = 211
6.5 Biomechanics of the Lower Extremity During Locomotion = 212
6.6 Lower Extremity Postures = 213
6.7 Lower Extremity Misalignments in Dance = 220
6.8 Analyzing Lower Extremity Misalignments = 221
Understanding Postural Alignments = 223
CHAPTER 7 Biomechanical Relationships in the Trunk = 228
7.1 The Skull = 228
7.2 The Thorax = 228
7.3 The Vertebral Column = 228
Understanding the Trunk = 241
CHAPTER 8 Application of Biomechanics to Fitness Activities = 245
8.1 Aspects of Fitness = 245
8.2 Resistance Devices Used in Training = 247
Understanding Resistance Devices = 256
8.3 Strength = 257
8.4 Muscular Power = 262
Understanding Muscular Strength and Power = 263
8.5 Muscular Endurance = 263
Understanding Muscular Endurance = 265
8.6 Flexibility = 265
Understanding the Biomechanical Aspects of Flexibility = 271
CONCEPT MODULE F Force and Motion Relationships = 276
F.1 Linear Speed and Velocity = 276
F.2 Linear Acceleration = 277
Understanding Linear Motion Changes = 282
F.3 The Relationship of Force, Mass, and Linear Acceleration = 282
F.4 Centripetal Force and Radial Acceleration = 287
Understanding Force and Motion Relationships = 288
CONCEPT MODULE G Linear Momentum and Kinetic Energy = 290
G.1 Linear Momentum = 290
G.2 Linear Impulse = 291
G.3 Conservation of Linear Momentum = 295
G.4 Kinetic Energy = 296
Understanding Momentum and Energy = 298
CHAPTER 9 Observing and Analyzing Performance = 300
9.1 The Nature of Skills = 300
Understanding the Nature of Skills = 303
9.2 The Overall Performance Objective of a Skill = 303
9.3 The Analysis Process = 305
Understanding the Analysis Process = 311
9.4 Analysis of Daily Living and workplace Tasks = 311
Understanding the Analysis of Daily Living and Workplace Tasks = 312
CONCEPT MODULE H Torque and Motion Relationships = 313
H.1 Angular Speed and Velocity = 313
H.2 Linear Velocity of a Point on a Rotating Body = 314
H.3 Angular Acceleration = 315
Understanding Rotary Motion = 318
H.4 The Relationship of Torque, Rotational Inertia, and Angular Acceleration = 318
Understanding Torque and Motion Relationships = 324
CONCEPT MODULE I Angular Momentum = 326
I.1 Angular Momentum = 326
I.2 Angular Impulse = 327
I.3 Conservation of Angular Momentum Within a System = 329
I.4 Vector Resolution of Angular Momentum = 331
Understanding Angular Momentum = 332
CONCEPT MODULE J Throwlike and Pushlike Movement Patterns = 335
J.1 Introduction and Terminology = 335
Understanding Segmental Movement Concepts = 337
J.2 Throwlike Patterns : Sequential Segmental Rotations = 338
Understanding Sequential Segmental Rotations = 345
J.3 Lever Versus Wheel-Axle Rotations = 345
Understanding Lever and Wheel-Axle Rotations = 347
J.4 Pushlike Patterns : Simultaneous Segmental Rotations = 349
J.5 The Throw-Push Continuum = 351
Understanding Pushlike Patterns = 353
CHAPTER 10 Performance Analysis of Pushlike Movements = 355
10.1 Force Activities = 356
10.2 Power Activities = 356
10.3 Accuracy Activities = 365
Understanding Pushlike Activities = 366
CHAPTER 11 Performance Analysis of Throwlike Movements = 370
11.1 Biomechanics of Throwlike Patterns = 370
11.2 Analysis of Sport Skills Using the Kinetic Link Principle = 372
11.3 Comparisons of Similar Skills Within the Same Pattern = 378
11.4 Performance Errors : Teaching and Coaching Applications = 380
11.5 Developmental Patterns : Teaching Implications = 382
Understanding Applications of the Kinetic Link Principle = 384
CHAPTER 12 Analysis of Projectile-Related Activities = 387
12.1 Properties of Motion Related to Projectiles = 387
12.2 Projecting for Vertical Distance = 390
12.3 Projecting for Vertical Distance with a Horizontal Component = 392
Understanding Projections for Vertical Distance = 395
12.4 Projecting for Horizontal Distance = 396
Understanding Projections for Horizontal Distance = 405
12.5 Projecting for Accuracy = 406
Understanding Projections for Accuracy and Speed = 412
CONCEPT MODULE K Fluid Forces = 414
K.1 Fluid Drag Force = 414
Understanding Fluid Drag Force = 422
K.2 Fluid Lift Force = 422
Understanding Fluid Lift Force = 426
CHAPTER 13 Applications of Aerodynamics in Sport = 427
13.1 Effects of Drag on the Body and Objects in Sport = 427
Understanding Drag Force in Sport = 435
13.2 Effects of Lift in Sport = 436
Understanding Lift Force in Sport = 442
13.3 Lift Force Produced by Spin : The Magnus Effect = 442
Understanding the Magnus Effect = 448
CHAPTER 14 Applications of Hydrodynamics in Aquatics = 451
14.1 Forces Affecting the Floating Ability of a Body = 452
Understanding the Effects of Buoyancy = 457
14.2 Resistive Forces in Swimming and Aquatic Exercise = 458
Understanding Resistance in Water = 465
14.3 Propulsive Forces in Swimming and Aquatic Exercise = 466
Understanding Propulsion in Water = 484
14.4 Swimming S[eed and Efficiency = 485
Understanding Speed Efficiency = 488
CHAPTER 15 Analysis of Activities in Which the Body Rotates Free of Support = 493
15.1 The Human Body in Rotary Motion = 494
Understanding the Body Rotating Free of Support = 499
15.2 Initiating Rotations = 499
Understanding the Initiation of Rotation in the Air = 509
15.3 Analysis of Rotations While Airborne = 509
Understanding Airborne Rotations = 516
CHAPTER 16 Analysis of Activities in Which the Body Rotaters While Supported = 519
16.1 The Human Body in Supported Rotary Motion = 519
16.2 Conservation of Angular Momentum in a Supported System = 521
16.3 Applications of Angular Momentum Principles to a Supported Body = 524
Understanding the Rotation of a Supported Body = 534
CHAPTER 17 Introduction to Biomechanics Instrumentation = 536
17.1 Research In and Out of the Laboratory = 536
17.2 Overview of Instrumentation and Its Uses = 537
17.3 Kinematic Data Acquisition = 538
17.4 Kinetic Data Acquisition = 554
17.5 Electromyography = 559
17.6 Using Microcomputers for Collecting and Analyzing Data = 560
Understanding Biomechanics Instrumentation = 561
GLOSSARY = 567
APPENDIX Ⅰ Metric and British Units and Conversions = 573
APPENDIX Ⅱ Lists of Symbols and Equations = 575
APPENDIX Ⅲ Anthropometric Parameters = 578
APPENDIX Ⅳ Methods of Calculating the Center of Gravity = 582
APPENDIX Ⅴ Mathematics Review and Trigonometry = 588
APPENDIX Ⅵ Muscles and Movements = 595
INDEX = 603
