CONTENTS
Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION = 1
Ⅱ. ELITISM = 4
1. Classical Elitism = 4
2. Plural Elitism(Pluralism) = 15
3. A Proposal of the Concept of Superior Elite = 27
Ⅲ. DEMOCRACY RE-EXAMINED = 35
1. Liberal Democracy = 36
2. Totalitarian Democracy = 38
3. Welfare Democracy = 40
4. Ideal Principles of Democracy = 41
Ⅳ. BUREAUCRACY AND IDEOLOGY = 50
1. The Concept of Ideology = 50
2. The Ideology-free Propensity of Bureaucracy = 55
3. Bureaucracy of Developed Democratic Nations and Ideology = 61
4. Bureaucracy of Developing Nations and Ideology = 67
5. Bureaucracy of the Past and Present Communist Nations and Ideology = 86
Ⅴ. THEORIES OF BUREAUCRATIC DOMINATION = 104
1. Two Theories about Bureaucratic Intervention in Political Power = 104
2. The Concepts of Power and Power Intervention = 106
3. Power Intervention through Policy Intervention = 115
Ⅵ. POWER POSITION OF BUREAUCRACY = 123
1. Power Position of Bureaucracy in Developed Democratic Nations = 123
2. Power Position of Bureaucracy in Developing Nations = 132
3. Power Position of Bureaucracy in the Past and Present Communist Nations = 137
Ⅶ. INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS OVER BUREAUCRACY = 151
1. Legislative Control = 151
2. Judicial Control = 157
3. Control by Chief Executive or Political Executives = 159
4. Control over Bureaucracy in Developing Nations = 165
5. Control over Bureaucracy in the Past and Present Communist Nations = 169
6. Limitations of Institutional Controls = 177
Ⅷ. ATTEMPTS AT REINFORCEMENT OF INSTITUTIONAL CONTROLS - New Experiment Ⅰ = 180
1. Attempt at Ombudsman = 180
2. Schedule C, F.E.S., City Manager = 187
Ⅸ. ATTEMPTS TO SECURE BUREAUCRATIC RESPONSIBILITY - New Experiment Ⅱ = 193
1. Administrative Moral Responsibility = 195
2. Representative Bureaucracy = 201
Ⅹ. AD-HOCRACY AND CITIZEN PARTICIPATION - New Experiment Ⅲ = 221
1. Ad-hocracy = 221
2. Citizen Participation = 233
XI. BUREAUCRATIC POWER AND DEMOCRACY - A Conclusion for the Short Term = 256
XII. ADMINISTRATIVE DEMOCRACY - An Essay : A Conclusion for the Long Term = 265
1. Introduction = 265
2. Decline of Institutional Democracy = 266
3. The Rising and Concept of Administrative Democracy = 277
4. The Contents of Administrative Democracy = 279
5. A Proposal for Theoretical Development and Practical Realization of Administrative Democracy = 286
6. Administrative Democracy as Political Nucleus = 288
XIII. THE NECESSITY OF ADMINISTRATIVE PHILOSOPHY = 291
1. Introduction = 292
2. Political Philosophy Re-examined = 293
3. The Change of Political Phenomenon = 306
4. Limitations of Political Philosophy = 309
5. The Necessity of Administrative Philosophy = 313
XIV. DIRECTION OF ADMINISTRATIVE PHILOSOPHY = 319
1. Introduction = 319
2. Science and Philosophy, Individual Sciences and Individual Philosophies = 321
3. Administrative Philosophy and the Value Problem = 323
4. The Development of Administrative Studies and the Value Problem = 331
5. The Direction of the Future = 338
XV. ADMINISTRATIVE ETHICS - as An Important Part of Administrative Philosophy = 343
1. Concept of Administrative Ethics = 343
2. Contents of Administrative Ethics = 346
3. Realization of Administrative Ethics = 349
EPILOGUE = 360
BIBLIOGRAPHY = 362
