CONTENTS
List of Figures = xi
Acknowledgments = xv
1 A Glimpse of the Material = 1
The Abundance of Visual Imagery in American Sign Language = 1
The Sign Is Not Always Arbitrary = 2
Metaphor Lets Iconic Signs Have Abstract Meanings = 3
Conceptual Mappings Explain Iconicity and Metaphor = 5
Mappings and Linguistic Theory = 5
A Preview of the Book = 6
2 Motivation and Linguistic Theory = 8
Arbitrary, Predictable... or Motivated? = 8
The Goals of Linguistic Theory = 10
Cognitive Linguistics = 13
3 Iconicity Defined and Demonstrated = 19
Iconicity and Resemblance Defined = 19
Examples of Spoken-Language Iconicity = 23
Examples of Signed-Language Iconicity = 26
Approaches to Iconicity in Linguistic Theory = 35
4 The Analogue-Building Model = 43
The Analogue-Building Model = 43
Image Selection = 45
Schematization = 46
Encoding = 47
Additional Demonstrations of the Model = 51
Iconicity and Mime Compared = 55
Implications of the Analogue-Building Model = 60
5 Survey of Iconicity in Signed and Spoken Languages = 63
Introduction = 63
Iconicity in Spoken Languages = 64
Relation between Concept and Image in Spoken-Language Iconicity = 66
Iconic Devices in Signed Languages = 67
Physical Entities Represent Themselves = 67
Shape of Articulators Represents Shape of Referent = 68
Movement of Articulators Represents Movement of Referent = 70
A Special Set of Patterns : Representation of Body Parts = 72
Shape of Articulators' Path Represents Shape of Referent = 77
Locations in Signing Space Represent Locations in Mental Spaces = 79
Size of Articulation Represents Size of Referent = 83
Number of Articulators Represents Number of Referents = 85
Temporal Ordering of Signing Represents Temporal Ordering of Events = 87
Signing Represents Signing = 88
Relation between Concept and Image in Signed-Language Iconicity = 90
Conclusion : One Phenomenon, Many Manifestations = 92
6 Metaphor in American Sign Language : The Double Mapping = 94
Conceptual Metaphor Theory = 94
The Double Mapping of American Sign Language Metaphorical Signs = 96
COMMUNICATING IS SENDING in American Sign Language = 98
TOPICS ARE LOCATIONS = 105
Analogue-Building Model of Metaphorical Iconicity = 109
Summary = 113
7 Many Metaphors in a Single Sign = 114
Single-Parameter Metaphors = 114
THE FUTURE IS AHEAD = 115
INTIMACY IS PROXIMITY = 118
INTENSITY IS QUANTITY = 122
Multiple Metaphorical Parameters in a Single Sign = 125
Metaphorical Iconicity and Pure Iconicity in a Single Sign = 135
Summary = 137
8 The Vertical Scale as Source Domain = 138
Multiple Uses of a Single Source Domain = 138
MORE IS UP = 139
GOOD IS UP = 145
POWERFUL IS UP = 149
ANALYSIS IS DIGGING = 153
Different Motivations for Different Uses = 157
9 Verb Agreement Paths in American Sign Language = 159
American Sign Language Verb Agreement = 159
The Semantics of Verbs = 160
How American Sign Language Verbs Move through Signing Space = 162
Semantic and Phonological Basis for American Sign Language's Verb Classes = 167
Direction of Movement : Paths in Signing Space = 169
DEFEAT : The Action-Chain Path = 170
GIVE : Literal and Action-Chain Paths Aligned = 172
INFORM : Metaphorical and Action-Chain Paths Aligned = 174
TAKE : Literal and Action-Chain Paths in Conflict = 175
QUOTE : Metaphorical and Action-Chain Paths in Conflict = 176
BORROW : Two Literal Paths = 178
ASK : Two Metaphorical Paths = 180
INVITE : Profiled Metaphorical Path, Backgrounded Literal Path = 182
RAY and SELL : Two Equally Asserted Literal Paths = 184
DISCUSS : Completely Balanced Paths = 186
LOOK and PERCEIVE-BY-EYES : EXP and THEME Arguments = 187
A Model of Verb Agreement Paths = 191
Verb Agreement Is Predictable = 194
10 Complex Superposition of Metaphors in and American Sign Language Poem = 196
Metaphor and Poetry = 196
Stages of "The Treasure" = 198
1. Introduction : Signing Is "Underground" = 199
2. Poet Begins Her Analysis = 200
3. Gleaming Treasure Uncovered = 202
4. Poet Attempts to Communicate with Those on the Surface = 203
5. Treasure Completely Reburied = 206
6. Coda : Treasure Is Still Alive = 208
Metaphorical Composites in "The Treasure" = 208
The First Framing : LINGUISTIC ANALYSIS IS ARCHEOLOGY = 209
The Central Episode : Discovering the Treasure = 214
The Second Framing : OPPRESSION IS BURIAL = 215
Summary = 220
11 The Future of Signed-Language Research = 222
Our Past = 222
Our Challenge = 223
The Importance of Iconicity and Metaphor = 227
A Note on "Loss of Iconicity" = 228
Our Future = 230
Appendix 1 : Glossing Conventions = 232
Appendix 2 : Translation of "The Treasure" = 234
References = 239
Index = 249
