CONTENTS
Author's acknowledgements = ⅸ
Publisher's acknowledgements = ⅹ
CHAPTER ONE : Introduction = 1
1.1 Corpora = 3
1.2 The role of computers in corpus linguistics = 5
1.3 The scope of corpus linguistics = 7
CHAPTER TWO : The design and development of corpora = 13
2.1 Pre-electronic corpora = 13
2.1.1 Biblical and literary = 13
2.1.2 Lexicographical = 14
2.1.3 Dialect = 15
2.1.4 Language education = 16
2.1.5 Grammatical = 17
2.2 Types of electronic corpora = 19
2.3 Major electronic corpora for linguistic research = 23
2.3.1 First generation corpora = 23
2.3.1.1 The Brown Corpus = 23
2.3.1.2 The Lancaster Oslo／Bergen(LOB) Corpus = 27
2.3.1.3 Other first generation corpora modelled on the Brown Corpus = 29
2.3.1.4 The London-Lund Corpus(LLC) = 31
2.3.2 Corpora of English compiled for specialized purposes = 33
2.3.2.1 Corpora for lexicography = 33
2.3.2.2 Dictionaries as corpora = 35
2.3.2.3 Corpora for studying spoken English = 36
2.3.2.4 Diachronic corpora = 38
2.3.2.5 Corpora for research on language acquisition = 40
2.3.2.6 Other corpora for special purposes = 43
2.3.3 Second generation mega-corpora = 45
2.3.3.1 The Cobuild project = 46
2.3.3.2 The Longman Corpus Network = 48
2.3.3.3 The British National Corpus(BNC) = 50
2.3.3.4 The International Corpus of English(ICE) = 54
2.4 Electronic text databases = 57
2.5 Issues in corpus design and compilation = 60
2.5.1 Static or dynamic = 60
2.5.2 Representativeness and balance = 62
2.5.3 Size = 66
2.6 Compiling a corpus = 70
2.6.1 Corpus design = 70
2.6.2 Planning a storage system and keeping records = 75
2.6.3 Getting permission = 76
2.6.4 Text capture = 78
2.6.4.1 Written texts = 78
2.6.4.2 Spoken texts = 80
2.6.5 Markup = 82
2.7 Organizations and professional associations concerned with corpus design, development and research = 85
CHAPTER THREE : Corpus-based descriptions of English = 88
3.1 Lexical description = 91
3.1.1 Pre-electronic lexical description for pedagogical purposes = 93
3.1.2 Computer corpus-based studies of the lexicon = 97
3.1.3 Collocation = 108
3.2 Grammatical studies centred on morphemes or words = 121
3.2.1 Verb-form use for tense and aspect = 122
3.2.2 Modals = 130
3.2.3 Voice = 134
3.2.4 Verb and particle use = 137
3.2.5 Subjunctive = 137
3.2.6 Prepositions : of, at, from, between, through, by = 139
3.2.7 Conjunctions : since, when, once = 144
3.2.8 More and less = 152
3.3 Grammatical studies centred on the sentence = 154
3.3.1 Sentence length = 157
3.3.2 Syntactic processes = 159
3.3.2.1 Clause patterning = 159
3.3.2.2 Noun modification = 162
3.3.2.3 Conditionality = 155
3.3.2.4 Causation = 167
3.3.2.5 Negation = 171
3.3.2.6 Clefting = 173
3.4 Pragmatics and spoken discourse = 174
3.5 Corpus-based studies of variation in the use of English = 180
3.5.1 Comparisons of spoken and written English = 182
3.5.2 Comparisons of regional varieties of English = 190
3.5.3 Variation in registers and genres = 197
3.5.4 Studies of language change = 199
CHAPTER FOUR : Corpus analysis = 204
4.1 Corpus annotation and processing = 206
4.1.1 Lemmatization = 206
4.1.2 Word-class tagging = 209
4.1.3 Semantic aspects of tagging = 225
4.1.4 Parsing = 231
4.2 Procedures used in corpus analysis = 244
4.2.1 Word lists = 245
4.2.2 Concordances = 247
4.2.3 Statistics in corpus analysis = 258
4.3 Corpus search and retrieval software = 259
4.3.l The Oxford Concordance Program(OCP) = 260
4.3.2 WordCruncher = 261
4.3.3 TACT = 262
4.3.4 Other widely used software for special purposes = 263
4.3.5 New generation software = 265
CHAPTER FIVE : Implications and applications of corpus-based analysis = 268
5.1 Goals of linguistic description and the effect of corpora on methodology = 270
5.1.1 Language as possibility and language as probability = 270
5.1.2 The description of English = 273
5.2 Corpus linguistics and computational linguistics = 276
5.3 Corpus-based approaches to language teaching = 280
5.3.1 The content of language teaching = 282
5.3.2 Language teaching methodology = 288
References = 295
Index = 310
