목차
Part Ⅰ
1 Sound system = 3
1) Speech Sounds, Phonemes and Allophones = 3
2) Sound System(Phoneme System) = 13
3) Phonetic Features & Distinctive Features = 17
4) Phonetics & Phonology = 22
5) Phonetic Transcription & Phonemic Transcription = 29
2 Speech organs ◆U025B◆t Speech Production = 34
[1] Initiation = 35
1) Pulmonic initiation = 35
2) Glottalic initiation = 36
3) Velaric initiation = 39
[2] Phonation = 41
1) Laryngeal structure = 41
2) Principal phonation types = 43
1 Voiceless phonation: Nil phonation & Breath phonation = 43
2 Voiced phonation = 44
3 Whisper phonation = 47
[3] Devoicing = 49
1) Devoicing process = 50
2) Voice onset time = 53
3) Aspiration = 58
3 Articulation = 62
[1] Articulators = 63
[2] Degree of Stricture(Manner of Articulation) = 68
1) Complete closure = 72
2) Intermittent closure = 74
3) Close approximation = 74
4) Open approximation = 75
[3] Place of articulation = 76
[4] Coarticulation = 82
1) Co-ordinate articulation = 82
2) Primary articulation & Secondary articulation = 83
1 Labialization = 83
2 Palatalization = 85
3 Velarization = 86
4 Pharyngealization(＝Pharyngalization) = 87
5 Nasalization = 88
[5] Sound sequences = 88
1) Homorganic sequences(geminates) = 88
2) Heterorganic sequences = 90
[6] Assimilation = 91
1) Anticipatory assimilation = 92
2) Coalescent assimilation = 93
3) Perseverative assimilation = 93
[7] Affrication = 96
1) Post-alveolar affricates [tr], [dr] = 97
2) Palato-alveolar affricates[◆U02A7◆], [◆U02A4◆] = 99
3) Apico-alveolar affricates[ts], [dz] = 99
[8] Vowels = 100
1) Cardinal vowels = 101
1 Front cardinal vowels = 103
2 Back cardinal vowels = 104
3 Lip-rounding = 105
2) Secondary cardinal vowels = 106
3) Central vowels & non-peripheral vowels = 108
4) Diphthongs = 112
[9] Glottal stop(glottal plosive) = 116
1) Glottal reinforcement = 117
1 Regular glottal reinforcement = 117
2 Extended glottal reinforcement = 118
2) Glottal replacement(＝glottalling) = 119
4 English Consonants ◆U025B◆t Vowels = 120
[1] Consonants = 120
1) Plosives = 125
1 Bilabial plosives(／p／, ／b／) = 131
2 Alveolar plosives(／t／, ／d／) = 135
3 Velar plosives(／k／, ／g／) = 140
2) Fricatives = 143
1 Labiodental fricatives(／f／, ／v／) = 145
2 Dental fricatives(／◆U0275◆／, ／ð／) = 146
3 Alveolar fricatives(／s／, ／z／) = 148
4 Palato-alveolar fricatives(／◆U0283◆／, ／◆U0292◆／) = 150
5 Glottal fricative(／h／) = 152
3) Affricates = 153
1 Palato-alveolar affricates(／◆U02A7◆／, ／◆U02A4◆／) = 156
4) Nasals = 158
1 Bilabial nasal(／m／) = 160
2 Alveolar nasal(／n／) = 161
3 Velar-nasal(／ŋ／) = 163
5) Approximants = 165
1 Lateral approximant(／l／) = 166
2 Post-alveolar & retroflex palato-alveolar approximant(／r／) = 169
3 Palatal approximant(／j／) & Labial-velar approximant(／w／) = 174
4 Palatal approximant(／j／) = 176
5 Labial-velar approximant(／w／) = 178
[2] Vowels = 180
1) Pure Vowels = 186
1 ／i:／(eat／i:t／, feel／fi:l／, people／pi:p1／) = 186
2 ／◆U026A◆／(it／◆U026A◆t／, rich／r◆U026A◆◆U02A7◆／, sick／s◆U026A◆k／) = 188
3 ／◆U025B◆／, ／e／(set／s◆U025B◆t／, tent／t◆U025B◆nt／, freind／fr◆U025B◆nd／) = 191
4 ／æ／(cat／kæt／, land／lænd／, marry／mæri／) = 193
5 ／◆U028C◆／(luck／l◆U028C◆k／, colour／k◆U028C◆l◆U01DD◆／, company／k◆U028C◆mp◆U01DD◆ni／) = 195
6 ／◆U025C◆:／(bird／b◆U025C◆:d／, word／w◆U025C◆:d, merchant／m◆U025C◆:◆U02A7◆◆U0259◆nt／) = 197
7 ／◆U0259◆／(amount／◆U0259◆ma◆U028A◆nt／, comma／k◆U0252◆m◆U0259◆／, center／s◆U025B◆nt◆U0259◆／) = 199
8 ／◆U0251◆:／(car／k◆U0251◆:／, palm／p◆U0251◆:m／, father／f◆U0251◆:ð◆U0259◆／) = 205
9 ／◆U0252◆／(hot／h◆U0252◆t／, body／b◆U0252◆di／, monster／m◆U0252◆nst◆U0259◆／) = 207
10 ／◆U0254◆:／(cost／k◆U0254◆:st／, chalk／◆U02A7◆◆U0254◆:k／, court／k◆U0254◆:t／) = 209
11 ／◆U028A◆／(book／b◆U028A◆k／, cushion／k◆U028A◆∫◆U0259◆n／, woman／w◆U028A◆m◆U0259◆n／) = 212
12 ／u:／(fool／fu:l／, prove／pru:v／, group／gru:p／) = 213
2) Diphthongs = 216
1 ／e◆U026A◆／(say／se◆U026A◆／, gate／ge◆U026A◆t／, wait／we◆U026A◆t／) = 216
2 ／a◆U026A◆／(child／◆U02A7◆a◆U026A◆ld, buy／ba◆U026A◆／, light／la◆U026A◆t／) = 218
3 ／◆U0254◆◆U026A◆／(oi1／◆U0254◆◆U026A◆1／, boy／b◆U0254◆◆U026A◆／, voice／v◆U0254◆◆U026A◆s／) = 219
4 ／◆U0259◆◆U028A◆／, ／o◆U028A◆／(coat／k◆U0259◆◆U028A◆／o◆U028A◆t／, low／l◆U0259◆◆U028A◆／o◆U028A◆／, note／n◆U0259◆◆U028A◆／o◆U028A◆t／) = 221
5 ／a◆U028A◆／(now／na◆U028A◆／, crowd／kra◆U028A◆d／, mouth／ma◆U028A◆◆U0275◆／) = 223
6 ／◆U026A◆◆U0259◆／(rea1／r◆U026A◆◆U0259◆1／, beer／b◆U026A◆◆U0259◆／, fear／f◆U026A◆◆U0259◆／) = 224
7 ／◆U025B◆◆U0259◆／(care／k◆U025B◆◆U0259◆／, swear／sw◆U025B◆◆U0259◆／, chair／◆U02A7◆◆U025B◆◆U0259◆／) = 227
8 ／◆U028A◆◆U0259◆／(poor／p◆U028A◆◆U0259◆／, tour／t◆U028A◆◆U0259◆／, cure／kj◆U028A◆◆U0259◆／) = 229
3) Triphthongs(Diphthongs+／◆U0259◆／) = 231
1 [a◆U026A◆◆U0259◆](fire／fa◆U026A◆◆U0259◆／, tire／ta◆U026A◆◆U0259◆／, wire／wa◆U026A◆◆U0259◆／) = 231
2 [a◆U028A◆◆U0259◆], [◆U0251◆◆U028A◆◆U0259◆](hour／a◆U028A◆◆U0259◆／, tower／ta◆U028A◆◆U0259◆／, power／pa◆U028A◆◆U0259◆／) = 232
3 [e◆U026A◆◆U0259◆](player／ple◆U026A◆◆U0259◆／, payer／pe◆U026A◆◆U0259◆／, sprayer／spre◆U026A◆◆U0259◆／) = 234
4 [◆U0259◆◆U028A◆◆U0259◆], [o◆U028A◆◆U0259◆](lower／l◆U0259◆◆U028A◆／o◆U028A◆◆U0259◆／, sower／s◆U0259◆◆U028A◆／o◆U028A◆◆U0259◆／, sewer／s◆U0259◆◆U028A◆／o◆U028A◆◆U0259◆) = 234
5 [◆U0254◆◆U026A◆◆U0259◆](loyal／l◆U0254◆◆U026A◆◆U0259◆l／, royal／r◆U0254◆◆U026A◆◆U0259◆l／, employer／impl◆U0254◆◆U026A◆◆U0259◆／) = 234
5 Syllable ◆U025B◆t Stress = 236
[1] Syllable = 236
1) Syllable Structure = 238
1 Syllable structure & Sonority scale = 238
2 Free vowels & Checked vowels = 242
3 Consonant cluster = 245
2) Strong Syllables & Weak Syllables = 250
1 Features of Strong syllables & Weak syllables = 250
2 Syllable, stress and rhythm = 253
3 Weak syllables = 258
4 Syllabic consonants = 262
3) Syllabification = 266
1 Orthographic syllabification = 267
2 Phonetic syllabification = 268
4) Connected Speech = 273
1 Strong form & Weak form = 274
2 Reduction = 275
3 Elision = 278
4 Epenthesis = 283
5 Liaison = 284
6 Assimilation = 286
[2] Stress = 288
1) Phonetic Properties of Stress = 290
1 Loudness = 290
2 Pitch = 293
3 Length or duration = 301
4 Sound quality = 302
2) Degrees of Stress & Word Stress Patterns = 304
1 Degrees(＝levels) of stress = 304
2 Distinctive word stress patterns = 309
3) Stress Rules = 312
1 Guidelines for stress rules = 313
2 Stress rules for simple words and complex words = 316
3 Stress rules for compound words = 326
4) Sentence Stress = 335
1 Prosody = 335
2 Tone unit = 336
3 Sentence stress(＝tonic accent) = 338
4 Paradigmatic focus = 340
5 Syntagmatic focus = 342
6 Anaphoric words = 344
7 Lexical anaphora = 347
Part Ⅱ
1 영어의 발전 = 351
2 영어의 표준화 과정 = 365
[1] Received Pronunciation(모음체계와 특징) = 374
1) Pure vowel = 375
2) Diphthong = 376
1 Wide diphthong = 376
2 Centring diphthong = 376
3 Mid-central vowel = 376
3) RP 발음의 특징(모음) = 376
4) RP 발음의 특징(자음) = 379
[2] Cockney = 379
1) Cockney의 모음체계(RP와 비교) = 380
1 Pure vowel = 380
2 Diphthong = 380
2) Cockney 발음의 특징 = 381
[3] English Dialects = 382
3 영연합왕국 내에서 영어의 보급 = 384
[1] Irish English = 385
1) Southern Irish English = 389
1 S. Irish English 모음체계와 발음상의 특징 = 389
2 S. Irish English 자음의 특징 = 391
3 S. Irish English stress의 특징 = 391
4 S. Irish English 어휘상의 특징 = 392
2) Northern Irish English = 392
1 N. Irish English 모음체계와 특징 = 393
2 N. Irish English 자음의 특징 = 395
3 N. Irish English 어휘상의 특징 = 395
[2] Scottish English = 395
1) Scottish Standard English = 399
1 Scottish Standard English의 모음체계와 특징 = 400
2 Scottish Standard English의 자음의 특징 = 403
3 어휘 발음상의 차이 = 403
4 어휘 의미상의 차이 = 404
[3] Welsh English = 404
1 Welsh English의 모음체계 및 특징 = 406
2 Welsh English의 자음의 특징 = 408
3 어휘 발음상의 차이 = 408
4 어휘 의미상의 차이 = 409
4 영어의 국제화 = 410
[1] American English = 415
1) General American = 420
1 GA의 모음 체계 = 420
2 GA 모음의 특징적인 사항 = 422
3 GA 자음의 특징적인 사항 = 427
4 GA와 RP의 어휘 발음상의 차이 = 427
5 GA와 RP의 어휘 stress 상의 차이 = 429
2) Eastern English = 430
1 Eastern English의 모음체계와 특징(RP 및 GA와 상이한 발음에 한함) = 431
3) Southern English = 433
1 Southern English의 모음체계와 발음상의 특징 = 433
[2] Canadian English = 435
1 Canadian English의 모음체계와 발음상의 특징 = 438
2 어휘상의 GA 및 RP 발음 = 440
[3] Australian English = 441
1 호주 영어의 모음 체계와 발음상의 특징 = 443
2 호주영어 자음 발음상의 특징 = 446
3 어휘 용법상의 차이 = 446
[4] New Zealand = 447
1 뉴질랜드 영어의 모음 체계와 발음상의 특징 = 449
2 자음 발음상의 특징 = 451
3 어휘 용법상의 차이 = 452
4 Maori 어휘의 영어화 = 452
[5] South African English = 453
1 South African English의 모음체계와 발음상의 특징 = 455
2 SAF Eng 자음 발음상의 특징 = 457
3 Afrikaans 및 지방 토속어의 영어화 = 458
4 영어 어휘의 용법상의 차이 = 458
The International Phonetic Alphabet = 459
Reference = 460
