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CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS = xi

ABBREVIATIONS = xiii

TABLE OF DOCUMENTS = xv

TABLE OF CASES = xvii

TABLE OF TREATIES = xix

TABLE OF UN DOCUMENTS = xxi

INTRODUCTION = 1

PART Ⅰ THEORETICAL UNDERPINNINGS OF THE DISCOURSE OF SELF-DETERMINATION

 1 THE HISTORY OF THE NORM OF SELF-DETERMINATION = 7

  Introduction = 7

  1.1 Two Models of Self-Determination Theory = 9

  1.2 The Origins of the Concept = 11

  1.3 Wilson : the Father of Modern Self-Determination = 13

   1.3.1 Åland Islands Case = 19

  1.4 Soviet Support : the Norm Changes Guise = 21

  1.5 The 1960 Declaration of Independence (xv) = 22

  1.6 Resolution 1541 (xv) = 27

  1.7 The International Covenants for Human Rights (1966) = 31

  1.8 The 1970 Declaration (xxv) = 34

  Conclusion = 42

 2 WHO ARE THE PEOPLE? NATIONAL MINORITIES IN SELF - DETERMINATION DISCOURSE = 45

  Introduction = 45

  2.1 What is a Minority? = 48

  2.2 The Concept of a `Minority' in Historical Perspective = 49

  2.3 Current Attempts to Protect Minorities = 55

  2.4 Claims to Peoplehood = 64

  2.5 Were the Ibos a people? = 69

  Conclusion = 71

 3 THE STATE AND SELF-DETERMINATION : THE CONCEPTUAL CONFLICT BETWEEN SELF-DETERMINATION AND TERRITORIAL SOVEREIGNTY = 75

  Introduction = 75

  3.1 The State = 75

  3.2 Sovereignty = 90

   3.2.1 Sovereignty in Modem Times = 94

  3.3 Limits to Sovereignty = 101

   3.3.1 Norms of Jus Cogens = 101

   3.3.2 Status of Liberation Movements = 102

   3.3.3 Limits to Intervention = 104

   3.3.4 Limits to Use of Belligerent Force = 106

  Conclusion = 107

 4 THE NORM OF UTI POSSIDETIS JURIS : THE DECIDING FACTOR IN The CREATION OF MODERN NATIONAL IDENTITY = 109

  Introduction = 109

  4.1 Meaning of the Doctrine of Uti Possidetis = 109

  4.2 Historic Development of the Norm = 114

  4.3 Viewed in International Legal History = 121

  4.4 The Merits of the Norm = 126

  4.5 Conflict with Self-Determination = 132

  4.6 Shortcomings of Uti Possidetis = 136

  4.7 UP Possidetis and Modem International Law = 140

  Conclusion = 141

PART Ⅱ PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS OF THE DISCOURSE OF SELF-DETERMINATION IN BANGLADESH AND THE WESTERN SAHARA

 Case Study Ⅰ : `Self-Determination' Achieved

 5 THE BANGLADESHI SECESSION IN INTERNATIONAL LAW : SETTING NEW STANDARDS? = 147

  Introduction = 147

  5.1 Self-Determination = 149

   5.1.1 The Evolving Norm = 149

   5.1.2 Bangla Claims to Statehood = 151

   5.1.3 The Merits of the Bangladeshi Case = 152

   5.1.4 The Norm of Self-Determination Post Bangladesh = 155

  5.2 Armed Intervention by a Third Party = 156

   5.2.1 The Use of Force Prior to Bangladesh = 157

   5.2.2 Use of Force under the Charter System = 158

   5.2.3 Use of Force & Self-Determination : The 1970 Declaration = 158

   5.2.4 Indian Action as Self-Defence = 160

   5.2.5 Precedents Set = 162

  5.3 Bangladesh & State Sovereignty = 163

   5.3.1 Applicability of Article 2(7) = 163

   5.3.2 Affecting International Peace & Security = 164

   5.3.3 Right to Police Action = 165

   5.3.4 Protection within International Law = 166

  5.4 Recognition of the Sovereign State of Bangladesh = 167

   5.4.1 Effects of Recognition = 167

   5.4.2 De Jure & De Facto Recognition = 167

   5.4.3 Difference from Biafra = 169

  Conclusions = 170

 Case Study Ⅱ : `National' Identity in die Western Sahara

 Part 1

 6 MODERN INTERNATIONAL LEGAL HISTORY OF THE CONFLICT OVER THE WESTERN SAHARA = 173

  Introduction = 173

  6.1 The Post-Colonial History of the Territory = 177

  6.2 Direct UN Involvement in the Western Sahara = 183

  6.3 OAU Involvement = 189

  6.4 Who Are the `People'? = 191

  6.5 The Issue of Tribal Chiefs = 195

  6.6 The UN Fact Finding Mission = 196

  6.7 Hierarchies of Disputed Identities = 200

  6.8 Direct Negotiations = 208

  Conclusion = 211

 Case Study Ⅱ. `National Identity in the Western Sahara

 Part 2

 7 THE WESTERN SAHARA CASE AND THE FALLACY OF THE SELF-DETERMINATION DISCOURSE = 213

  Introduction = 213

  7.1 Historical Background = 214

   7.1.1 Sherifian Society = 215

   7.1.2 Bilad Shinguitti = 220

   7.1.3 Colonial Influence = 225

  7.2 The Case Before the International Court of Justice = 228

   7.2.1 `at the time of colonisation' = 230

   7.2.2 `terra nullius' = 231

   7.2.3 `legal ties' = 233

  7.3 Legal Ties' Between the Sherifian State & the Western Sahara = 238

  7.4 Identity in the Western Sahara - the View of the POLISARIO = 252

  Conclusion = 257

CONCLUSION = 259

BIBLIOGRAPHY 263

APPENDICES = 265

INDEX = 283