CONTENTS
Series Preface = xiii
Acknowledgements = xv
Prologue = 1
Introduction = 1
Maximal oxygen uptake = 2
The Fick equation = 3
General structure of the book = 5
1 The Maximal Oxygen Uptake Test = 9
Learning Objectives = 9
Objective test = 10
Symbols, abbreviations and units of measurement = 12
Introduction = 13
Collecting data = 17
Informed consent = 17
Preliminary measures = 18
Test protocols = 18
Ergometers = 19
Gas collection = 21
Calibration = 23
Calculation of oxygen uptake = 26
Atypical inspired gas fractions = 29
Other variables recorded = 29
Key points = 30
Answers to questions in the text = 33
Answer to exercise in the text = 34
2 Oxygen from Atmosphere to Blood = 37
Learning Objectives = 37
Objective test = 38
Symbols, abbreviations and units of measurement = 40
Introduction = 41
Lung volumes and capacities = 42
The Vitalograph lung function test = 47
The effects of pressure and temperature on gas volumes = 48
Lung structure and function = 52
The bronchial tree = 52
Smooth muscle = 55
Conductive and diffusive zones = 55
The pulmonary circulation = 57
Lung ventilation and gas transfer = 59
Convection and diffusion = 59
Partial pressure = 60
The mechanics of breathing = 65
Control of ventilation = 67
Key points = 70
Answers to questions in the text = 71
Answers to exercises in the text = 73
3 Oxygen Content of the Blood = 79
Learning Objectives = 79
Objective test = 80
Symbols, abbreviations and units of measurement = 82
Introduction = 82
The blood profile = 83
Blood = 83
Erythrocytes(red blood cells) = 83
Haemoglobin = 85
The haematocrit = 86
White blood cell count = 86
Oxygen carriage in the blood = 88
Dissolved oxygen = 88
Oxygen carried in chemical combination = 89
Abnormal values of arterial oxygen pressure( Pa O2 ) = 92
Lung disease = 93
Erythrocyte transit time through the pulmonary capillary bed = 94
Hyperoxia = 94
Key points = 95
Answers to questions in the text = 96
Answers to exercises in the text = 98
4 Oxygen Delivery and the Heart = 101
Learning Objectives = 101
Objective test = 102
Symbols, abbreviations and units of measurement = 104
Introduction = 104
Structure of the heart = 106
Cardiac muscle = 106
Atria and ventricles = 107
The electrical activity of the heart = 108
The electrocardiogram = 111
Abnormal electrocardiograms = 112
The mechanical events of the cardiac cycle = 113
Cardiac output during exercise = 115
Cardiac output in endurance athletes = 116
Intrinsic and extrinsic control of cardiac function = 116
The Frank-Starling law = 116
Autonomic nervous control = 116
Key points = 119
Answers to questions in the text = 121
Answers to exercises in the text = 122
5 Oxygen Distribution and the Circulation = 125
Learning Objectives = 125
Objective test = 126
Symbols, abbreviations and units of measurement = 128
The circulatory system = 128
Blood pressure measurement = 129
The systemic circulation = 130
Blood vessel structure = 130
Maintenance of venous return = 133
Blood volume and its distribution = 135
Blood flow distribution during exercise = 135
The autonomic nervous system and blood distribution = 136
Regulation of arterial blood pressure = 141
Key points = 143
Answers to questions in the text = 144
6 Oxygen Consumption - the Structure and Contraction of Skeletal Muscle = 147
Learning Objectives = 147
Objective test = 148
Symbols, abbreviations and units of measurement = 150
Introduction = 150
Electromyography = 151
The origins of contraction = 152
Intracellular-and extracellular fluids = 152
The resting membrane potential = 152
The action potential and transmission of the nerve impulse = 154
The muscle twitch = 154
Summation and tetanus = 156
The grading of muscle response = 157
Muscle fibre types = 158
The ultra-structure of muscle fibres = 159
The sarcomere = 159
Myofilaments = 160
Connective tissues = 162
The mechanics of the sliding filament theory = 162
Actin and myosin filaments = 165
The sarcoplasmic reticulum = 166
Adenosine triphosphate = 167
Key points = 168
Answers to questions in the text = 170
Answer to exercises in the text = 172
7 Oxygen Consumption in the Muscle Cell = 173
Learning Objectives = 173
Objective test = 174
Symbols, abbreviations and units of measurement = 176
Introduction = 177
Oxygen consumption at rest and during maximal exercise = 178
Oxyhaemoglobin and myoglobin dissociation curves = 180
An overview of adenosine triphosphate production = 183
Phosphorylation = 183
The phosphagen system = 186
Glycolysis and glycogenolysis = 189
Oxidation = 193
The Krebs cycle = 194
The electron transfer chain = 196
Adenosine triphosphate production = 200
Fat oxidation = 201
Key points = 202
Answers to questions in the text = 204
Answers to exercises in the text = 206
8 The Interplay between Aerobic and Anaerobic Metabolism = 207
Learning Objectives = 207
Objective test = 208
Symbols, abbreviations and units of measurement = 210
Introduction = 210
Anaerobic metabolism = 211
Anaerobic glycolysis = 213
The consequences of anaerobic glycolysis = 214
The fate of lactic acid = 215
Anaerobic thresholds = 215
Anaerobic power and capacity = 218
Standing high jump tests = 218
The Margaria test = 219
The Wingate test = 219
The repeated sprints test = 221
Post-exercise oxygen consumption = 222
Maximum accumulated oxygen deficit = 223
Key points = 224
Answers to questions in the text = 225
9 Venous Blood, Carbon Dioxide and Acid - Base Balance = 229
Learning Objectives = 229
Objective test = 230
Symbols, abbreviations and units of measurement = 232
Introduction = 232
Venous return = 234
Veins = 234
Mechanisms of venous return = 234
Central venous pressure = 235
Venous blood and carbon dioxide = 236
Carriage of carbon dioxide in the blood = 238
Dissolved carbon dioxide = 238
Reversible combinations = 238
Acids and bases = 243
Blood buffers = 244
The respiratory response = 246
The kidney response = 246
Key points = 247
Answers to questions in the text = 248
Answer to exercises in the text = 249
10 Epilogue - the Factors Limiting Maximal Oxygen Uptake = 251
Learning Objectives = 251
Objective test = 251
Symbols, abbreviations and units of measurement = 254
Introduction = 254
Factors affecting arterial oxygen content = 256
Altitude = 256
Lung disease = 256
Pulmonary oedema = 257
Alveolar ventilation = 260
Dead spaces = 261
Pulmonary capillary transit time = 265
Haemogolbin levels(Hb) = 266
Factors affecting cardiac output = 266
Heart rate and stroke volume = 266
Gender = 267
Age = 268
Heart disease = 269
Beta-blockade = 269
Training studies = 269
Factors affecting venous oxygen content = 270
Hyperoxia = 271
Hyperbaric oxygen = 271
Conclusion = 272
Key points = 273
11 Postscript - Exercise, Fitness and Health = 275
Learning Objectives = 275
Objective test = 276
Symbols, abbreviations and units of measurement = 278
Introduction = 278
Cardiovascular disease(CVD) = 280
Coronary heart disease(CHD) = 282
The aetiology of coronary heart disease = 282
Exercise and coronary heart disease = 284
Epidemiological studies = 285
The British Regional Heart Study = 286
Cordiovascular disease in children = 287
What mechanisms might confer protection? = 287
Cardiac efficiency = 288
Collateral circulation = 289
Reduced blood pressure = 289
Changes in cholesterol and triglycerides = 289
Control of diabetes mellitus - TypeⅡ = 290
Prevention of obesity = 290
Exercise prescription = 293
Exercise and cerebrovascular disease(CeVD) = 293
Exercise and other diseases = 293
Lung disease = 295
Cancers = 295
Conclusion = 295
Key points = 295
Appendix 1 References and Further Reading = 297
Appendix 2 Glossary = 307
Appendix 3 Origins of Some Terms = 325
Appendix 4 Answer Key to the Objective Tests = 327
Index = 329
