CONTENTS
List of abbreviations = xiii
Biochemical terminology = xix
1 Physiology and biochemistry of skeletal muscle and exercise = 1
1.1 The physiology and biochemistry of exercise = 1
1.2 Skeletal muscle = 1
1.2.1 Structure, innervation, and blood supply = 2
1.2.2 Muscle fibre ultrastructure = 3
1.2.3 Molecular composition of the myofilaments = 5
1.2.4 The mechanism of force development = 6
1.2.5 Control of force development = 8
1.2.6 Motor units = 8
1.2.7 Fibre types = 10
1.2.8 Types of muscle action = 14
1.2.9 Plasticity of skeletal muscle = 15
1.3 Sources of energy for muscle contraction = 15
1.3.1 ATP = 15
1.3.2 Anaerobic metabolism = 17
1.3.3 Phosphagen system = 17
1.3.4 Glycolytic system = 18
1.3.5 Aerobic metabolism : oxidation of carbohydrate, lipid, and protein = 19
1.4 Tricarboxylic acid cycle = 20
1.5 Electron transport chain = 23
1.6 Oxidative phosphorylation = 26
1.7 Carbohydrate and lipid stores = 27
1.8 Methods of estimating substrate use = 28
1.9 Factors influencing the utilization of fuel sources during exercise = 29
1.9.1 Intensity and duration of exercise = 29
1.9.2 Muscle fibre type composition = 31
1.9.3 diet and feeding during exercise = 31
1.9.4 Exercise training = 31
1.9.5 Prior exercise = 32
1.9.6 Drugs = 32
1.9.7 Hormones = 32
1.9.8 Environental factors = 33
1.10 Delivery of blood-borne fuel and oxygen to muscle during exercise = 34
1.10.1 Blood flow distribution = 34
1.10.2 Cardiac output and venous return = 36
1.10.3 Blood volume = 37
1.10.4 Blood pressure = 38
1.10.5 Pulmonary ventilation = 39
1.10.6 Blood oxygen-carrying capacity = 41
1.11 Oxygen uptake by muscle during exercise = 42
1.11.1 Limitations to oxygen uptake during exercise = 43
1.12 Key points = 45
Further reading = 46
References = 46
2 Purine nucleotides and phosphocreatine = 47
2.1 Free energy = 47
2.2 Adenosine triphosphate(ATP) and phosphocreatine(PCr) = 48
2.3 The free energy charge and the adneylate pool = 52
2.4 Skeletal muscle adenine nucleotide loss = 55
2.5 The purine nucleotide cycle = 57
2.5.1 Deamination in the purine nucleotide cycle = 57
2.5.2 Reamination in the purine nucleotide cycle = 57
2.5.3 Fatigue = 60
2.6 Key points = 60
Further reading = 61
References = 62
3 Carbohydrate metabolism = 63
3.1 Role of carbohydrates = 63
3.2 Carbohydrate supply = 63
3.3 The reactions of anaerobic glycolysis and glycogenolysis = 65
3.4 Regeneration of NA$$D^+$$ = 69
3.5 Regulation of glycolysis = 72
3.6 Carbohydrate utilization in different tissues = 75
3.7 Gluconeogenesis : formation of glucose from non-carbohydrate sources = 77
3.8 Glycogen synthesis = 79
3.9 Hormonal control of carbohydrate metabolism = 81
3.10 Methodology and advances in the study of carbohydrate metabolism = 84
3.11 Key points = 85
Further reading = 86
References = 87
4 Kipid metabolism = 88
4.1 Role of lipids = 88
4.2 Types of lipids = 88
4.2.1 Simple lipids = 88
4.2.2 Compound lipids = 91
4.2.3 Derived lipids = 94
4.3 Lipid synthesis = 94
4.3.1 Ftty acid synthesis = 94
4.3.2 Triacylglycerol synthesis = 98
4.4 Lipolysis = 100
4.5 Oxidation of fatty acids = 102
4.6 Intramuscular triacylglycerol = 107
4.7 ketone body formation and oxidation = 108
4.8 The regulation of lipid metabolism during exercise = 109
4.9 The influence of endurance training on lipid metabolism during exercise = 112
4.10 Key points = 112
Further reading = 113
References = 113
5 Metabolism of protein, amino acids, and related molecules = 114
5.1 Role of proteins = 114
5.2 Amino acids = 114
5.3 Protein structure and function = 117
5.4 Nucleic acids and control of protein synthesis = 118
5.5 Protein turnover = 122
5.6 Metabolism of amino acids = 123
5.7 Protein metabolism in exercise = 126
5.8 Gluconeogenesis and ketogenesis = 127
5.9 Control of protein turnover = 129
5.10 Biologically important amino acids and related compounds = 130
5.10.1 Neurotransmitter amino acids = 131
5.11 Regulatory peptides and proteins = 134
5.11.1 Metabolic regulators = 134
5.11.2 Growth factors = 135
5.11.3 Gut peptides = 135
5.11.4 Brain peptides = 135
5.12 Key points = 136
Further reading = 137
6 Metabolic responses to high-intensity exercise = 138
6.1 ATP resynthesis = 138
6.2 Substrates for high-intensity exercise = 138
6.2.1 Phosphocreatine = 138
6.2.2 Glycogenolysis and glycolysis = 140
6.3 The integration of phocreatine and glycogen utilization during maximal short-duration exercise = 142
6.4 High-intensity exercise lasting more than 30s = 143
6.5 Repeated bouts of exercise = 144
6.6 Muscle fibre type responses = 144
6.7 Fatigue = 146
6.7.1 Fatigue associated with disruption of the energy supply = 147
6.7.2 Fatigue due to product inhibition = 149
6.7.3 Fatigue due to factors preceding crossbirdge formation = 150
6.8 Nutrition and maximal exercise performance = 150
6.9 Key points = 153
Further reading = 155
References = 157
7 Metabolic responses to prolonged exercise = 158
7.1 Fuels for prolonged exercise = 158
7.2 The integration of carbohydrate and fat oxidation by skeletal muscle = 159
7.3 Muscle carbohydrate availability, diet, and exercise = 163
7.4 Liver carbohydrate availability, diet, and exercise = 166
7.5 Carbohydrate ingestion immediately prior to exercise = 168
7.6 Carbohydrate ingestion during exercise = 169
7.7 The effect of increasing fat availability prior to exercise = 170
7.8 Fatigue mechanisms = 172
7.9 Key points = 173
Further reading = 175
References = 175
8 Metabolic adaptation to training = 177
8.1 Principles of training = 177
8.2 Adaptation to endurance training = 178
8.2.1 Fibre type composition = 179
8.2.2 Muscle capillary density = 180
8.2.3 Muscle myoglobin content = 182
8.2.4 Intramuscular fuel stores = 183
8.2.5 Glycolytic capacity = 183
8.2.6 Muscle mitochondrial density and oxidative enzyme activity = 184
8.3 Modification of the metabolic response to exercise by endurance training = 186
8.4 Physiological adaptations to endurance training influencing the metabolic response to exercise = 190
8.5 Time course of endurance training adaptations and of detraining = 193
8.6 Hormonal adaptations to endurance training = 193
8.7 Adaptation to sprint and strength training = 196
8.8 Mechanisms of muscular adaptations to training = 199
8.9 Training adaptations in blood lipid levels = 201
8.10 Immunosuppression associated with heavy training = 203
8.11 Overtraining = 204
8.12 Key points = 206
Further reading = 207
References = 207
Appendix 1 Chemical structure and bonding = 209
A1.1 Chemical structure = 209
A1.1.1 Constitutional isomers = 209
A1.1.2 Geometric stereoisomers = 210
A1.1.3 Optical stereoisomers = 211
A1.2 Structures of sugar molecules = 212
Appendix 2 Enzyme kinetics and the regulation of reactions = 215
A2.1 Mechanisms of enzyne action = 215
A2.2 Enzyme kinetics = 217
A2.2.1 Zero-, first- and second-order reactions = 219
A2.3 Enzyme activity = 219
A2.3.1 Factors influencing enzyme activity = 219
A2.3.2 Coenzymes, prosthetic gorups, co-factors, and activators = 220
A2.3.3 Competitive and non-competitive inhibitors = 221
A2.3.4 Allosteric and covalent modulation = 221
A2.3.5 Enzyme isoforms = 221
References = 222
Appendix 3 Chemical buffers and control of the acid-base balance = 223
A3.1 Definitions = 223
A3.2 Background = 223
A3.3 Buffers = 224
A3.4 Responses to disturbances of the acid-base balance = 227
A3.4.1 Buffering(primary) response = 227
A3.4.2 Physiological(secondary) response = 229
A3.5 'Normal values' and forms of acid-base disturbance = 230
Acknowledgement = 231
Index = 233
