상세정보

CONTENTS
Preface to the second edition = ⅸ
Chapter 1 Uses and abuses of medical statistics = 1
 Summary = 1
 1.1 Introduction = 1
 1.2 Why use statistics? = 2
 1.3 Statistics is about common sense and good design = 2
 1.4 How a statistician can help = 3
 1.5 Further reading = 3
Chapter 2 Design = 7
 Summary = 7
 2.1 Introduction = 7
 2.2 Defining the objectives = 7
 2.3 Types of study = 8
 2.4 The randomised clinical trial = 9
 2.5 Non-randomised studies = 12
 2.6 Cohort studies = 14
 2.7 Case-control studies = 16
 2.8 Cross-sectional surveys = 19
 2.9 Reference ranges = 21
 2.10 Method comparison studies = 22
 2.11 Studies of diagnostic tests = 22
 2.12 Other designs = 23
 2.13 Questionnaire and form design = 25
 2.14 Methods of randomisation = 28
 2.15 Points when reading the literature = 30
Chapter 3 Probability and decision making = 32
 Summary = 32
 3.1 Types of probability = 32
 3.2 Diagnostic tests = 34
 3.3 Bayes' theorem = 35
 3.4 Relative(receiver) operating characteristics = 40
 3.5 Points when reading the literature about a diagnostic test = 42
Chapter 4 Data description = 44
 Summary = 44
 4.1 Introduction = 44
 4.2 Data presentation = 44
 4.3 Types of data = 45
 4.4 Displaying continuous data = 47
 4.5 Displaying categorical data = 54
 4.6 Summarising data = 54
 4.7 Within subject variability = 56
 4.8 Presentation = 58
 4.9 Points when reading the literature = 59
Chapter 5 From sample to population = 60
 Summary = 60
 5.1 Introduction = 60
 5.2 The Normal distribution = 61
 5.3 The standard error = 63
 5.4 Confidence intervals = 64
 5.5 The binomial distribution = 65
 5.6 The Poisson distribution = 67
 5.7 Points when reading the literature = 68
Chapter 6 Statistical inference = 69
 Summary = 69
 6.1 Introduction = 69
 6.2 The null hypothesis = 69
 6.3 The p-value = 72
 6.4 Statistical inference = 74
 6.5 Small samples of continuous data = 75
 6.6 The χ² test = 78
 6.7 Paired comparisons in contingency tables = 81
 6.8 When is 'large' large enough? = 82
 6.9 Statistical power = 83
 6.10 Non-Normal distributions = 83
 6.11 Degrees of freedom = 84
 6.12 Confidence intervals rather than p-values = 85
 6.13 One-sided and two-sided tests = 85
 6.14 Points when reading the literature = 85
Chapter 7 Correlation and linear regression = 87
 Summary = 87
 7.1 Introduction = 87
 7.2 Correlation = 89
 7.3 Regression = 92
 7.4 Comparison of assumptions between correlation and regression = 99
 7.5 Multiple regression = 100
 7.6 Correlation is not causation = 103
 7.7 Points when reading the literature = 103
Chapter 8 The randomised controlled trial = 105
 Summary = 105
 8.1 Introduction = 105
 8.2 Design features = 106
 8.3 The protocol = 107
 8.4 Study size = 109
 8.5 One-sided comparisons = 111
 8.6 Survival comparisons = 112
 8.7 Interim analysis and sequential trials = 113
 8.8 Ethical considerations = 114
 8.9 Checklists for design and analysis of trials = 114
 8.10 Points when reading the literature = 115
Chapter 9 Designed observational studies = 116
 Summary = 116
 9.1 Introduction = 116
 9.2 Rates = 117
 9.3 Cohort study = 118
 9.4 Case-control study = 120
 9.5 Standardisation = 123
 9.6 Association and causality = 125
 9.7 Points when reading the literature = 125
Chapter 10 Common pitfalls in medical statistics = 126
 Summary = 126
 10.1 Introduction = 126
 10.2 Using the t-test = 126
 10.3 Comparison of methods = 128
 10.4 Plotting change against initial value = 130
 10.5 Repeated measures = 132
 10.6 Clinical and statistical significance = 134
 10.7 Exploratory data analysis = 135
 10.8 Points when reading the literature = 136
Appendix Ⅰ Techniques = 137
 A1 Notation and hints on calculation = 137
 A2 Calculation of median and interquartile range = 138
 A3 Calculation of mean and standard deviation = 139
 A4 Two-sample z-test = 140
 A5 Two-sample t-test = 141
 A6 Paired t-test = 142
 A7 Chi-squared test(χ²) in 2 × 2 tables = 142
 A8 Fisher's exact test for a 2 × 2 table = 145
 A9 r × c tables = 146
 A10 McNemar's test = 148
 A11 Non-parametric tests = 150
 A12 Correlation coefficient = 152
 A13 Linear regression = 153
 A14 Confidence interval for an odds ratio(OR) from an unmatched case-control study = 154
 A15 Calculation and confidence interval of an SMR = 155
 A16 Sample size calculations = 156
 A17 Normal probability plots = 158
 A18 The Kaplan-Meier survival curve and the logrank test = 159
Appendix Ⅱ Multiple choice questions = 162
 Answers = 169
References = 172
Statistical tables = 177
 T1 The Normal distribution function = 178
 T2 Student's t-distribution function = 179
 T3 The χ² distribution function = 180
 T4 Random numbers = 181
 T5 Normal ordinates for cumulative probabilities = 182
Index = 183