CONTENTS
PREFACE TO THE TRANSLATION = ⅴ
AUTHOR'S PREFACES = ⅸ
MAPS, CHARTS, AND TABLES = xxi
Chapter 1. The Communal Societies of Prehistoric Times
1. The Paleolithic Age = 1
The Paleolithic Period in Korea = 1
Culture and Mode of Life of Pateolithic Man in Korea = 2
2. Neolithic Man in Korea = 2
The Appearance of Neolithic Man = 2
Mode of Life of Neolithic Man in Korea = 3
3. Society and Culture in the Neolithic Period = 5
Communal Clan-Centered Society = 5
Shamanistic Beliefs = 7
Primitive Art Forms = 8
Chapter 2. Walled-Town States and Confederated Kingdoms
1. The Use of Bronze and the Formation of Walled-Town States = 9
The Use of Bronze Implements = 9
The Life of Bronze Age Man = 10
The Formation of Walled-Town States = 12
2. The Formation and Development of Old Chos o ˘ n = 13
The Use of Iron = 14
Wiman Chos o ˘ n = 16
The Han Chinese Comnwnderies = 19
3. The Formation of Confederated Kingdoms = 21
Puy o ˘ = 21
The Rise of Kogury o ˘ = 22
The State of Chin and the Three Han (Samhan) States = 24
4. Society and Polity in the Confederated Kingdoms = 26
Village Communities and Their Farming Populations = 26
The Structural Pattern of the Walled-Town State = 27
The Develop-ment of Kingly Authority = 29
5. Culture in the Confederated Kingdoms Period = 31
Law = 31
Religion = 32
Fine Arts = 34
Chapter 3. Aristocratic Societies Under Monarchical Rule
1. The Development of the Three Kingdoms = 36
The Growth of Kogury o ˘ and the Rise of Paekche = 36
Kogury o ˘ in Full Flourish = 38
The Rise of Silla and Kaya = 40
The Flour is hing of Silla and the Resurgence of Paekche = 41
2. The Foreign Relations of the Three Kingdoms = 45
The Unfolding of Relations with Foreign States = 45
Kogury o ˘ 's Struggle with Sol and T'ang = 47
3. Political and Social Structure of the Three Kingdoms = 48
Emergence of a Central Aristocracy = 48
Political Strucitire = 51
Military Organization = 54
Village Headmen and the Farming Population = 55
4. The Aristocratic Culture of the Three Kingdoms = 57
Historiography and Confucianism = 57
The Acceptance of Buddhism = 59
Poetry, Song, and Music = 61
Fine Arts = 62
Chapter 4. The Fashioning of an Authoritarian Monarchy
1. The Silia Unification and the Founding of the Parhae Kingdom = 66
Silia Unifies the Korean Peninsula = 66
Silla's Expulsion of T'aig = 69
The Founding of Parhae = 71
The Change of Direction in Korea's Foreign Policy = 73
2. The Government and Society of Unified Silla = 73
An Authoritarian Throne and the Aristocracy = 73
The Structuring of the Governmental Apparatus = 75
Changes in the Economic Life of the Aristocracy = 77
Reorganization of the Military System = 78
The Life of the People = 79
3. The Flourishing of Silla Culture = 81
The Growth of Buddhism = 81
The Rise of Confucianism = 83
Schol-arship and Technology = 84
The Hyangga = 85
Fine Arts = 86
4. The Society and Culture of Parhae = 88
Government and Society = 88
Cultural Aspects = 90
Parhae's Place in History = 90
Chapter 5. The Age of Powerful Gentry Families
1. Contradictions Within the Bone-Rank Status System = 92
Schism Within the True-Bone Aristocracy = 92
The Role Played by the Head-Rank Six Aristocracy = 94
2. The Rise of Powerful Local Gentry = 94
The Growth of Maritime Trade = 94
The Emergence of Powerful Military Garrisons = 95
The Rise of Castle Lords = 97
3. The Later Three Kingdoms = 97
Peasant Uprisings = 97
Later Paekche and Taebong = 98
The Founding of Kory o ˘ = 100
4. Unification by Kory o ˘ = 101
Unification of the Later Three Kingdoms = 101
Strategy of Alliance with Local Gentry = 103
Royal Authority and the Local Gentry = 104
5. Culture of the Gentry Period = 105
Growth of Confucianism = 105
Popularity of S o ˘ n (Zen) Buddhism = 106
Geomantic Theories = 107
Art = 109
Chapter 6. The Hereditary Aristocratic Order of Kory o ˘
1. Beginnings of Kory o ˘ 's Aristocratic Order = 110
Toward Aristocratic Government = 110
Establishment of the Aristocratic Order = 111
Remodeling of the Social Structure = 112
2. The Aristocratic Ruling Structure = 113
Political Structure = 113
Military Organization = 116
Civil Service Examinations andprotected Appointments = 118
Educational Institutions = 119
3. Aristocratic Society and the Economic Structure = 120
The Lan System = 120
Economic Underpinning of the Aristo-cratic Class = 121
Life of the People = 123
4. Foreign Relations = 124
Struggle with the Khitan = 124
Campaigns against the Jurchen and Relations with Chin = 126
Relations with Sung China = 128
5. Aristocratic Culture = 129
Confucianism and Private Academies = 129
The Buddhist Tripitaka and the Ch' o ˘ nt'ae Sect = 130
Buddliism and Aristocratic Society = 132
Esteem for Writing in Chinese = 134
Fine Arts = l34
6. Disturbances in the Aristocratic Order = 136
The Treason of Yi Cha-gy o ˘ m = 136
Revolt of Myoch' o ˘ ng = 137
Chapter 7. Rule by the Military
1. The Military Seize Power = 139
The Military Officers Revolt = 139
Power Struggle Within the Military = 140
Choe Ck'yng-h o ˘ n Seizes Power = 141
2. Peasant and Slave Uprisings = 142
Outbreak of Popular Uprisings = 142
Popular Uprisings Spread = 143
3. The Military Rule of the Ch'oe = 145
Creation of Private Armed Retinues = 145
Control Mechanisms of the Choe Regime = 146
4. The Struggle with the Mongols = 147
The Military Regime's Resistance Againstthe Mongols = l47
The Struggle of the People = 149
Collapse of the Military Regime and Peace with the Mongols = 150
Anti-M ongol Struggle of the Samby o ˘ lch'o = 151
5. The Culture of the Age of the Military = 153
Prose Tales and Narrative Poems = 153
Establishment of the Chogye Buddhist Sect = 154
Chapter 8. Emergence of the Literati
1. The Pro-Yilan Policy and the Powerful Families = 155
Surrender to the Mongols = 155
Development of the Relationship with Yuan = 156
The Powerful Families and Their Estates = 158
2. Growth of the Power of the Literati = 160
Emergence of the Literati (Sadaebu) = 160
The Reforms of King Kongmin = 161
3. The Founding of the Chos o ˘ n (Yi) Dynasty = 162
Yi S o ˘ ng-gye Seizes Power = 162
Reform of Private Landholding = 163
Establishment of the Dynasty of Chos o ˘ n = 164
4. The Culture of the New Literati Class = 165
The Dissemination of Neo-Confucianism = 165
The Writing of Histories = 166
Ky o ˘ nggi-Style Poems and "Long Poems" = 168
Fine Arts = 168
Science and Technology = 170
Chapter 9. The Creation of a Yangban Society
1. The Development of Yangban Society in Chos o ˘ n = 172
The Literati and the Kingship = 172
Yangban Society = 173
2. Administrative Structure of the Yangban Bureaucratic State = 175
The Political Framework = 175
Military Organization = l78
Examinations and Education = 180
3. Social and Economic Structure of the Yangban Bureaucratic State = 182
Patterns of Yangban Landholding = 182
The Life of the Peasants = 184
Handcrafts and Artisanry = 186
Commerce and Currency = 187
The Situation of the Lowborn = 188
4. Foreign Policy of Early Chos o ˘ n = 189
Relations with Mihg China = 189
Settlement of the Northern Regions and the Problem of the furchen = 189
Policy Toward the Japanese = 191
5. Yangban Bureaucratic Culture = 192
The Creation of Han'g u ˘ l = 192
A Pragmatic Scholarship = 193
Science and Technology = 195
Fine Arts = 197
Literature and Music = 198
The Decline of Buddhism = 199
Chapter 10. The Rise of the Neo-Confucian Literati
1. Changes in Society under Rule by the Meritorious Elite = 201
Rule by the Meritorious, Elite = 201
Expanded Agricultural Estates and Increased Tribute Taxes = 202
2. Emergence of the Neo-Confucian Literati = 204
Rise of the Neo-Confucian Literati = 204
Private Academies and the Village Code = 206
The Outbreak of Factional Strife = 208
3. The Struggle Against the Japanese and Manchus = 209
The Japanese Invasion of 1592 = 209
Repulse of the Japanese and the Impact of the War = 213
The Manchu Invasions = 215
4. The Culture of the Neo-Confucian Literati = 217
The Flourishing of Neo-Confucianism = 217
Genealogy and the School of Rites = 218
Kasa and Sijo Poetry = 219
Chapter 11. The Emergence of Landed Farmers and Wholesale Merchants
1. Government by Powerful Lineages = 221
Dominance of the Great Families = 221
A Lid on Factionalism = 223
2. Changes in the System of Tax Collection = 224
Enactment of the Taedongp o ˘ p = 224
Changes in Corvee and Tax Laws = 225
3. Economic Growth = 226
Enlarged Scale Farming and the Polarization of the Rural Population = 226
Development of Wholesale Co mmerce = 228
A New Phase in Handcraft Industry = 231
4. Sirhak and Other New Intellectual Concerns = 232
The Birth of Practical Learning = 232
Proposals for an Agriculture-Based Utopia = 233
Proposals for Enriching the Nation and Securing the Livelihood of the People through Development of Commerce andindustry = 235
NewInterest in the Study of Korea = 236
The Spread of Catholicism = 239
Science and Technology = 240
Critiques of Neo-Confuci'an Philosophy = 242
5. New Modes of Expression in the Arts = 243
The New Literature Written in Chinese = 243
Traditional Novels and Sas o ˘ l Sijo Poenu = 244
New Approaches in Art = 245
Chaper 12. Instability in the Yangban Status System and the Outbreak of Popular Uprisings
1. Government by In Law Families = 247
Dominance of Royal In-Law Families = 247
Disarray in the "Three Administrations" = 248
2. Tremors in the Yanghan Status System = 250
Fallen Yangban and the Chungin Class = 250
Changes in the Peasantry and the Liberation of Slaves = 251
3. Peasant Resistance = 252
The Wide spread Phenomenon of the Kye = 252
Landless Wanderers and Brigandage = 253
Outbreak of Popular Uprisings = 254
4. Development of a Popular Culture = 255
Scholarship and Thought = 255
The Spread of Catholicism = 257
Appearance of the Tonghak ("Eastern Learning") Doctrine = 258
The Flourishing bf a Popular Literature = 259
Changes in the World of the Arts = 260
5. The Reforms and Isolation Policy of the Taew o ˘ n'gun = 261
Reforms of the Taew o ˘ ngun = 261
Isolation Policy = 262
Clashes with the Western Nations = 264
Chapter 13. Growth of the Forces of Enlightenment
1. Enlightenment Policy and Reaction Against It = 267
Proponents of Foreign Trade and "Enlightenment" = 267
The Opening of Ports = 268
Pursuit of an Enlightenment Policy = 270
The Movement to "Reject Heterodoxy" and the Military Mutiny of 1882 = 271
Chinese and Japanese Aggression and Commercial Treaties with the Powers = 273
2. The Reform Movement of the Progressive Party = 275
Birth of the Progressive Party = 275
The Coup detat of 1884 (Kapsin Ch o ˘ ngby o ˘ n) = 276
Great Power Inroads = 279
3. The Revolutionary Uprising of the Tonghak Peasant Army = 281
Unrest Among the Peasantry = 281
Uprising of the Tonghok Peasant Army = 283
Creation of LocalDirectorates and the Struggle against Japan = 285
Chinaand Japan Compete for Ascendancy = 288
4. The Reform of 1894 = 290
The Reform Enactments = 290
Aftermath of the Reforms = 293
5. Commerce, Industry, and Currents of Thought in the Enlightenment Period = 295
Changes in Commerce and Industry Suhsequent to Opening the Ports = 295
The Development of Enlight enment Thought = 297
The "Reject Heterodoxy" Persuasion = 298
Chapter 14. Nationalist Stirrings and Imperialist Aggression
1. Activities of the Independence Club = 300
Inauguration of the "Great Han Empire" = 300
Founding of the Independence Club = 302
Activities of the Independence Club = 303
2. Japanese Aggression and the Struggle of the "Righteous Armies = 306
Russo-Japanese Rivalry for Domination over Korea = 306
International Recognition of Japanese Aggression = 307
The 19O5 Protectorate Treaty = 309
The Secret Mission to The Hagueanda New Korea-Japan Agreement = 311
Korea Becomes a Japanese Colony = 313
Intensification of the Resistance of the Righteous Armies = 315
3. Japanese Economic Aggression and Korean Capital = 317
The Japanese Land Grab = 317
Japan's Monopolization of Korea's Natural Resources = 319
Japanese Control of Public Service Enterprises = 321
Japanese Control of Finance = 322
The Difficulties Faced by Native Korean Enterprises = 324
4. The Patriotic Enlightenment Movement = 327
Activities of Political and Social Organizations = 327
Development of a Korean Press = 329
The Growing Passion for Educalion = 331
Religious Movements = 334
EnlightenmentScholarship = 336
The New Novel and Song = 337
5. The March First Movement = 338
Exile and Clandestine Organizations = 338
The Outbreak of the March First Movement = 340
Unfolding of the March First movement = 341
Formation of the Korean Provisional Government = 344
Chapter 15. Development of the Nationalist Movement
1. Changes in Japan's Colonial Policy = 346
The Proclaimed "Enlightened Administration" = 346
The Ptundering of Korea's Rice Production = 347
Korea as a Market for Japanese Goods = 349
Japan Invests in Heavy Industry = 350
Despoliation of Korea's Mineral Resources = 352
Japan's Assimilation Policy = 352
2. Native Capital and the Condition of Korean I Farmers and Workers = 354
Korean Entrepreneurial Capital = 354
The lmpoverishmentofthe Korean Farmer = 356
The Life of Korean Workers = 358
3. The Korean National Movement Enters a New Phase = 359
The "Movement to Buy Korean" and Labor Disputes among Korean Tenant Farmers and Workers = 359
Activities of the Singanhoe = 361
The June 10, 1926, Independence Demonstration and the Kwangju Student Movement = 363
The Overseas Independence Movement = 364
4. The Preservation of Korean Culture = 367
Resistance Through Nationalist Educational Activities = 367
Scholarly Work on Korea = 369
The Development of a Modern Literalure = 370
Chapter 16. The Beginnings of Democracy
1. The Liberation of Korea, August 15, 1945 = 373
Liberation = 373
The Division at the Thirty-Eighth Parallel and Military Government = 374
2. The Establishment of the Republic of Korea = 376
The Anti-Trustee ship Movement and the U.S.-Soviet Joint Commission = 376
The Establishment of the Republic of Korea = 378
3. The Korean War = 379
Solidification of Communist Control in North Korea = 379
The Korean War = 380
4. The April 1960 Revolution = 381
The Growth of Authoritarian Government = 381
The Emergence of New Business Tycoons = 383
The April Revolution = 384
Dynastk Lineages = 387
Select Bibliography = 397
Index-Glossary = 416
