CONTENTS
Preface = ⅷ
Introduction = ⅸ
WORLD Ⅰ CELLS = 1
Chapter 1 Membranes, Particles, and Potentials = 3
1.1. Complex System Approach = 3
1.2. The Biological Membrane = 5
1.3. Movement in a Solution = 6
1.4. Concentration of Water : Osmosis = 7
1.5. Movement of Ions = 8
Chapter 2 Action Potential = 10
2.1. Creation of Membrane Potential = 10
2.2. Basic Features of Action Potential = 12
2.3. Mechanism of Generation of Action Potential = 13
Chapter 3 Information Conduction and Transmission = 17
3.1. Conduction of Action Potential = 18
3.2. Myelinated Fibers = 19
3.3. The Structure of the Neuron = 20
3.4. Information Coding in the Nervous System = 22
3.5. Synaptic Transmission = 22
3.6. Neurotransmitters = 23
3.7. Temporal and Spatial Summation = 23
Chapter 4 The Skeletal Muscle = 26
4.1. Skeletal Muscle : Structure = 26
4.2. Mysfilaments = 27
4.3. Neuromuscular Synapse = 27
4.4. Mechanism of Contraction = 29
4.5. Types of Muscle Contraction = 30
4.6. Elements of Mechanics = 31
4.7. Force-Length and Force-Velocity Relations = 32
4.8. External Regimes of Muscle Contraction = 33
Chapter 5 Receptors = 35
5.1. General Classification and Properties of Receptors = 35
5.2. Muscle Spindles = 36
5.3. The Gamma System = 38
5.4. Golgi Tendon Organs = 39
5.5. Other Muscle Receptors = 40
5.6. Articular Receptors = 40
5.7. Cutaneous Receptors = 40
5.8. Where Does the Information Go? = 41
Chapter 6 Motor Units and Electromyography = 43
6.1. The Notion of Motor Unit = 43
6.2. Fast and slow Motor Units = 44
6.3. The Henneman Principle(Size Principle) = 45
6.4. Functional Role of Different Motor Unite = 46
6.5. Electromyography = 47
6.6. Filtering, Rectification, and Integration = 48
World-Ⅰ Problems = 51
World-Ⅰ Recommended Readings = 51
WORLD Ⅱ CONNECTIONS = 53
Chapter 7 Excitation and Inhibition Within the Spinal Cord = 55
7.1. The Spinal Cord = 55
7.2. Excitaiton Within the Central Nervous System = 57
7.3. Postsynaptic Inhibition = 58
7.4. Renshaw Cells = 59
7.5. Ia-Interneurons = 60
7.6. Presynaptic Inhibition = 61
Chapter 8 Monosynaptic Reflexes = 64
8.1. Reflexes = 64
8.2. Reflex Arc = 64
8.3. H-Reflexes, T-Reflexes, and M-Response = 65
8.4. The Effects of Voluntary Muscle Activtion on Monosynaptic Reflexes = 69
8.5. F-Wave = 69
Chapter 9 Oligosynaptic and Polysynaptic Reflexes = 71
9.1. Oligosynaptic Reflexes = 71
9.2. Polysynaptic Reflexes = 73
9.3. Flexor Reflex = 74
9.4. Tonic Stretch Reflex = 74
9.5. Tonic Vibration Reflex = 76
9.6. Interaction Among Reflex Pathways = 77
9.7. Interjoint and Interlimb Reflexes = 79
Chapter 10 Voluntary Control of a Single Muscle = 80
10.1. Feedforward and Feedback Control = 80
10.2. Servo Control = 82
10.3. The Servo Hypothesis = 83
10.4. Alphs-Gamma Coactivation = 85
10.5. Voluntary Activation of Muscles = 85
10.6. Equilibrium-Point Hypothesis = 85
Chapter 11 Patterns of Single-Joint Movements = 88
11.1. Isotonic Movements and Isometric Contractions = 88
11.2. Performance and Task Parameters = 89
11.3. Electromyographic Patterns During Single-Joint Isotonic Movements = 91
11.4. Electromyographic Patterns During Single-Joint Isometric contractions = 94
11.5. The Dual-Strategy Hypothesis = 96
Chapter 12 Preprogrammed Reactions = 98
12.1. Preprogrammed Reactions = 98
12.2. Preprogrammed Reaction Is Not a Stretch Reflex = 100
12.3. In Search of the Afferent Source of Preprogrammed Reactions = 100
12.4. Preprogrammed Reactions During Movement Perturbations = 101
12.5. Basic Features of Preprogrammed Reactions = 102
12.6. Preprogrammed Corrections of Vertical Posture = 103
12.7. Corrective Stumbling Reaction = 104
World-Ⅱ Problems = 105
World-Ⅱ Recommended Readings = 105
WORLD Ⅲ STRUCTURES = 107
Chapter 13 Methods of Brain Study and Elements of the Brain Anatomy = 109
13.1. Single-Neuron Recording = 109
13.2. Electroencephalography = 110
13.3. Evoked Potentials = 111
13.4. Radiography = 112
13.5. Computerized Tomography = 112
13.6. Positron Emission Tomography = 112
13.7. Magnetic Resonance Imaging = 113
13.8. Neuroanatomical Tracing = 113
13.9. Major Brain Structures = 114
Chapter 14 Cerbral Cortex = 121
14.1. Cerebral Hemispheres = 121
14.2. Structure of the Cerebral Cortex = 122
14.3. Primary Motor and Premotor Areas = 123
14.4. Inputs to Motor Cortex = 124
14.5. Outputs of Motor Cortex = 125
14.6. Preparation for a Voluntary Movement = 126
14.7. Neuronal Population vectors = 127
Chapter 15 The Cerebellum = 129
15.1. Anatomy of the Cerebellum = 129
15.2. Cerebellar Inputs = 131
15.3. Cerebellar Outputs = 132
15.4. Relation of Cerebellar Activity to Voluntary Movement = 135
15.5. Neuronal Population Vectors = 135
15.6. The Effects of Cerebellar Lesions = 135
Chapter 16 The Basal Ganglia = 139
16.1. Anatomy of the Basal Ganglia = 139
16.2. Inputs and Outputs of the Basal Ganglia = 140
16.3. Motor Circuits Involving the Basal Ganglia = 141
16.4. Activity of the Basal Ganglia During Movements = 142
16.5. Effects of Lesions of the Basal Ganglia = 143
Chapter 17 Ascending and Descending Pathways = 145
17.1. Basic Properties of Neural Pathways = 145
17.2. Afferent Input to the Spinal Cord = 146
17.3. Dorsal Column Pathway = 146
17.4. Spinocervcal Pathway = 147
17.5. Spinothalamic Tract = 147
17.6. Spinocerebellar Tracts = 147
17.7. Spinoreticular Tract = 148
17.8. Pyramidal Tract = 149
17.9. Rubrospinal Tract = 150
17.10. Vestibulospinal Tracts = 150
17.11. Reticulopinal Tract and Other Descending Tracts = 150
17.12. Propriospinal Tracts = 151
Chapter 18 Memory = 152
18.1. Descartes' Dualism and Cellular Mechanisms of Memory = 152
18.2. Habituation of Reflexes = 153
18.3. Learning and Memory = 153
18.4. Types of Learning = 153
18.5. Conditioned Reflexes = 154
18.6. Short-Term and Long-Term Memories = 155
18.7. Neuronal／Synaptic Mechanisms of Memory? = 155
18.8. Retrieval of Memory = 156
18.9. Genetic Code as an Example of Memory = 157
18.10. Plasticity in the Brain = 157
18.11. Korsakoff's Syndrome = 157
18.12. Possible Role of Hippocampus in Memory = 158
18.13. Spinal Memory = 158
World-Ⅲ Problems = 160
World-Ⅲ Recommended Readings = 160
WORLD Ⅳ BEHAVIORS = 161
Chapter 19 Postural Control = 163
19.1. Vertical Posture = 163
19.2. Vestibular System = 164
19.3. The Role of Vision in Postural Control = 165
19.4. The Role of Proprioception in Postural Control = 166
19.5. Anticipatory and Corrective Postural Adjustments = 167
19.6. The Notion of Postural Synergy = 170
Chapter 20 Locomotion = 172
20.1. Two Approaches to Locomotion = 172
20.2. Central Pattern Generator = 173
20.3. Locomotor Centers = 173
20.4. Spinal Locomotion = 175
20.5. Gait Patterns = 175
20.6. Corrective Stumbling Reaction = 175
20.7. Dynamic Pattern Generation = 176
Chapter 21 Multi-Joint Movement = 179
21.1. General Features of Targeted Movements = 179
21.2. Major Problems of Controlling Natural Reaching Movements = 180
21.3. Spinal Mechanisms of Multi-Joint Coordination : Interjoint Reflexes = 183
21.4. Spinal Mechanisms of Multi-Joint Coordination : control Variables = 183
21.5. Supraspinal Mechaisms = 184
21.6. The Equilibrium-Trajectory Hypothesis = 185
21.7. What Is Controlled? = 186
Chapter 22 Vision = 188
22.1. The Eye = 188
22.2. Photoreceptors = 188
22.3. Retina and Optic Nerve = 189
22.4. Oculomotor Control = 190
22.5. Central Mechanisms of Visual Perception = 192
22.6. The Role of Visual Information in Voluntary Movements = 194
Chapter 23 Kinesthesia = 195
23.1. Which Physical Variables Are Sensed by Proprioceptors? = 195
23.2. Peripheral Sources of Kinesthetic Information = 195
23.3. The Role of the Motor Command in Kinesthesia = 198
23.4. Where Does the Information Go? = 199
23.5. Kinesthetic Illusions = 201
23.6. Pain = 201
Chapter 24 Fatigue = 204
24.1. Fatigue and Its Contributors = 204
24.2. Muscular Mechanisms of Fatigue = 205
24.3. Spinal Mechanisms of Fatigue = 206
24.4. Supraspinal Mechaisms of Fatigue = 206
24.5. Adaptive Changes During Fatigue = 206
24.6. Abnormal Fatigue = 207
World-Ⅳ Problems = 209
World-Ⅳ Recommended Readings = 209
WORLD Ⅴ DISORDERS = 211
Chapter 25 Spasticity = 213
25.1. Challenges of Clinical Studies = 213
25.2. Spinal Cord Injury = 213
25.3. Signs and Symptoms of Spasticity = 214
25.4. Treatment of Spasticity = 217
25.5. Multiple Sclersis = 220
Chapter 26 Parkinson's Disease and Dystonia = 221
26.1. Clinical Features of Parkison's Disease = 221
26.2. Voluntary Movements in Parkinson's Disease = 223
26.3. Differences in Anticipatory Adjustments and in Preprogrammed Reactions = 224
26.4. Changes in Segmental Reflexes = 226
26.5. Possible Mechanisms = 226
26.6. Dystonia = 226
Chapter 27 Implications for Motor Rehabilitation = 229
27.1. Sources of Variability of Voluntary Movements = 229
27.2. Changes in the Central Nervous system Priorities = 230
27.3. Central Nervous System Plasticity = 232
27.4. Adaptive Changes in Motor Patterns of Atypical Individuals = 232
27.5. Amputation = 233
27.6. Down Syndrome = 233
27.7. Practical Considerations = 236
World-Ⅴ Problems = 237
World-Ⅴ Recommended Readings = 237
Laboratories = 239
Introduction = 239
Laboratory 1 = 241
Laboratory 2 = 244
Laboratory 3 = 246
Laboratory 4 = 249
Laboratory 5 = 251
Laboratory 6 = 254
Glossary = 256
Index = 263
About the Author = 269
