CONTENTS
Alternative Table of Contents = xxi
Preface = xxxiii
Acknowledgments = xxxvii
INTRODUCTION TO THEORY AND CRITICISM = 1
GORGIAS OF LEONTINI(ca. 483-376 B.C.E.) = 29
From Encomium of Helen = 30
PLATO(ca. 427-ca. 347 B.C.E.) = 33
Ion = 37
Republic = 49
From Book Ⅱ = 49
From Book Ⅲ = 56
From Book Ⅶ = 64
From Book Ⅹ = 67
Front Phaedrus = 81
ARISTOTLE(384-322 B.C.E.) = 86
Poetics = 90
Rhetoric = 117
Book Ⅰ = 117
From Chapter 2 = 117
Front Chapter 3 = 118
Book Ⅱ = 119
From Chapter 1 = 119
Book Ⅲ = 120
From Chapter 2 = 120
HORACE(65-8 B.C.E.) = 121
Ars Poetica = 124
LONGINUS(first century C.E.) = 135
From On Sublimity = 138
QUINTILIAN(ca. 30／35-ca. 100) = 155
Institutio Oratoria = 157
Book 8 = 157
From Chapter 5 = 157
From Chapter 6 = 158
Book 9 = 162
From Chapter 1 = 162
From Chapter 2 = 166
Book 12 = 167
From Chapter 2 = 167
PLOTINUS(ca. 204／5-270) = 171
Fifth Ennead = 174
Eighth Tractate. On the Intellectual Beauty = 174
AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO(354-430) = 185
On Christian Doctrine = 188
Front Book One = 188
Front Book Two = 188
Front Book Three = 191
The Trinity = 192
Book Fifteen = 192
Front Chapter 9 = 192
From Chapter 10 = 193
Front Chapter 11 = 194
MACROBIUS(b. ca. 360) = 196
Commentary on the Dream of Scipio = 198
Chapter Ⅲ = 198
HUGH OF ST. VICTOR(ca. 1097-1141) = 201
The Didascalicon = 204
From Book One = 204
From Book Three = 206
From Book Five = 207
Front Book Six = 208
MOSES MAIMONIDES(1135-1204) = 211
The Guide of the Perplexed = 214
[Introduction to the First Part] = 214
GEOFFREY OF VINSAUF(ca. 1200) = 226
Poetria Nova = 229
Ⅰ. General Remarks on Poetry／Divisions of the Present Treatise = 229
From Ⅱ. Ordering the Material = 230
Front Ⅲ. Amplification and Abbreviation = 231
From Ⅳ. Ornaments of Style = 236
THOMAS AQUINAS(.1225-1274) = 240
Summa Theologica = 243
From Question Ⅰ = 243
DANTE ALIGHIERI(1265-1321) = 246
Il Convivio = 249
Book Two = 249
Chapter 1 = 249
From The Letter to Can Grande = 251
GIOVANNI BOCCACCIO(1313 -1375) = 253
Genealogy of the Gentile Gods = 255
Book 14 = 255
Ⅴ. Other Cavillers at the Poets and Their Imputations = 255
Ⅶ. The Definition of Poetry, Its Origin, and Function = 258
XII. The Obscurity of Poetry Is Not just Cause For Condemning It = 260
CHRISTINE DE PIZAN(ca. 1365-ca. 1429) = 263
The Book of the City of Ladies = 265
From Part One = 265
From Part Two = 269
GIAMBATTISTA GIRALDI(1504-1573) = 271
From Discourse on the Composition of Romances = 273
JOACHIM DU BELLAY(ca. 1522-1560) = 279
The Defence and Illustration of the French Language = 281
Book Ⅰ = 281
Chapters Ⅰ-Ⅶ = 281
BookⅡ = 288
Chapters Ⅲ-Ⅳ = 288
PIERRE DE RONSARD(1524-1585) = 291
From A Brief on the Art of French Poetry = 294
GIACOPO MAZZONI(1548-1598) = 299
On the Defense of the Comedy of Dante = 302
From Introduction and Summary = 302
SIR PHILIP SIDNEY(1554-1586) = 323
An Apology for Poetry = 326
PIERRE CORNEILLE(1606-1684) = 363
Of the Three Unities of Action, Time, and Place = 367
JOHN DRYDEN(1631-1700) = 379
From An Essay of Dramatic Poesy = 381
From Preface to Troilus and Cressida = 383
From Preface to Sylvae = 385
APHRA BEHN(1640-1689) = 388
The Dutch Lover = 391
Epistle to the Reader = 391
Preface to -Die Lucky Chance = 395
GIAMBATTISTA VICO(1668-1744) = 399
From The New Science = 401
JOSEPH ADDISON(1672-1719) = 416
The Spectator, No. 62 = 419
[True and False Wit] = 419
The Spectator, No. 412 = 423
[On the Sublime] = 423
EDWARD YOUNG(1683-1765) = 426
From Conjectures on Original Composition = 427
ALEXANDER POPE(1688-1744) = 438
An Essay on Criticism = 441
SAMUEL JOHNSON(1709-1784) = 458
The Rambler, No. 4 = 462
[On Fiction] = 462
The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia = 466
Chapter Ⅹ. lmlac's History Continued. A Dissertation upon Poetry = 466
From Preface to Shakespeare = 468
Lives of the English Poets = 480
From Cowley = 480
[On Metaphysical Wit] = 480
DAVID HUME(1711-1776) = 483
Of the Standard of Taste = 486
IMMANUEL KANT(1724-1804) = 499
Critique of judgment = 504
Front Introduction = 504
From Book 1. Analytic of the Beautiful = 505
Front Book 11. Analytic of the Sublime = 519
EDMUND BURKE (1729-1797) = 536
A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful = 539
Introduction on Taste = 539
Part Ⅰ. Section Ⅶ. Of the Sublime = 549
Part Ⅲ. Section XXVII. The Sublime and Beautiful Compared = 550
GOTTHOLD EPHRAIM LESSING(1729-1781) = 551
From Laoco o ·· n = 554
FRIEDRICH VON SCHILLER(1759-1805) = 571
On the Aesthetic Education of Man = 573
Second Letter = 573
Sixth Letter = 574
Ninth Letter = 579
MARY WOLLSTONECRAFT(I759-797) = 582
A Vindication of the Rights of Woman = 586
From Chapter Ⅱ. The Prevailing Opinion of a Sexual Character Discussed = 586
GERMAINE NECKER DE STA E ·· L (1766-1817) = 594
From Essay on Fictions = 597.
On Literature Considered in Its Relationship to Social Institutions = 604
On Women Writers(2.4) = 604
FRIEDRICH SCHLEIERMACHER(1768-1834) = 610
Hermeneutics = 613
Outline of the 1819 Lectures = 613
Introduction = 613
Part Two. The Technical Interpretation = 623
GEORG WILHELM FRIEDRICH HEGEL(1770-1831) = 626
Phenomenology of Spirit = 630
[The Master-Slave Dialectic] = 630
Lectures on Fine Art = 636
Front Introduction = 636
WILLIAM WORDSWORTH(1770-1850) = 645
Preface to Lyrical Ballads, with Pastoral and Other Poems(1802) = 648
SAMUEL TAYLOR COLERIDGE(1772-1834) = 668
Front The Statesman's Manual = 672
Biographia Literaria = 674
Part Ⅰ = 674
Front Chapter 1 = 674
From Chapter 4 = 675
Front Chapter 13 = 676
Part Ⅱ = 677
Chapter 14 = 677
THOMAS LOVE PEACOCK(1785-1866) = 682
The Four Ages of Poetry = 684
PERCY BYSSHE SHELLEY(1792-1822) = 695
From A Defence of Poetry, or Remarks Suggested by an Essay Entitled "The Four Ages of Poetry" = 699
RALPH WALDO EMERSON(1803-1882) = 717
From The American Scholar = 721
The Poet = 724
EDGAR ALLAN POE(1809-1849) = 739
The Philosophy of Composition = 742
TH E ` OPHLE GAUTIER(1811-1872) = 750
From Preface to Mademoiselle de Maupin = 753
KARL MARX(1818-1883) and FRIEDRICH ENGELS(1820-1895) = 759
From Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844 = 764
From The German Ideoiogy = 767
From The Communist Manifesto = 769
From Grundrisse = 773
From Preface to A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy = 774
Capital, Volume 1 = 776
From Chapter 1. Commodities = 776
From Chapter 10. The Working-Pay = 783
From Letter from Friedrich Engels to Joseph Bloch = 787
CHARLES BAUDELAIRE(1821-1867) = 789
The Painter of Modern Life = 792
From Ⅰ. Beauty, Fashion, and Happiness = 792
From Ⅲ. The Artist, Man of the World, Man of the Crowd, and Child = 793
Ⅳ. Modernity = 796
From Ⅸ. The Dandy = 798
XI. In Praise of Cosmetics = 800
MATTHEW ARNOLD(1822-1888) = 802
The Function of Criticism at the Present Time = 806
Culture and Anarchy = 825
From Chapter 1. Sweetness and Light = 825
WALTER PATER(1839-1894) = 833
Studies in the History of the Renaissance = 835
Preface = 835
Conclusion = 839
ST E ` PHANE MALLERM E ` (1842-1898) = 841
Crisis in Poetry = 845
HENRY JAMES(1843-1916) = 851
The Art of Fiction = 855
FRIEDRICH NIETZSCHE(1844-1900) = 870
On Truth and Lying in a Non-Moral Sense = 874
From The Birth of Tragedy = 884
OSCAR WILDE(1854-1900) = 895
Preface to The Picture of Dorian Gray = 899
From The Critic as Artist = 900
SIGMUND FREUD(1856-1939) = 913
The Interpretation of Dreams = 919
From Chapter Ⅴ. The Material and Sources of Dreams = 919
From Chapter Ⅵ. The Dream-Work = 923
The "Uncanny" = 929
Fetishism = 952
FERDINAND DE SAUSSURE(1857-1913) = 956
Course in General Linguistics = 960
Introduction = 960
Chapter Ⅲ. The Object of Linguistics = 960
Part One. General Principles = 963
Chapter Ⅰ. Nature of the Linguistic Sign = 963
Part Two. Synchronic Linguistics = 966
Chapter Ⅳ. Linguistic Value = 966
Chapter Ⅴ. Syntagmatic and Associative Relations = 974
W. E. B. DU BOIS(1868-1963) = 977
Criteria of Negro Art = 980
CARL GUSTAV JUNG(1875-1961) = 987
On the Relation of Analytical Psychology to Poetry = 990
LEON' TROTSKY(1879-1940) = 1002
Literature and Revolution = 1005
The Formalist School of Poetry and Marxism = 1005
VIRGINIA WOOLF(1882-194 1) = 1017
A Room of One's Own = 1021
[Shakespeare's Sister] = 1021
[Chloe Liked Olivia] = 1023
[Androgny] = 1025
GY O ·· RGY LUK A ´ CS(1885-1971) = 1030
Realism in the Balance = 1033
BORIS EICHENBAUM(1886-1959) = 1058
From The Theory of the "Formal Method" = 1062
T. S. ELIOT(1888-1965) = 1088
Tradition and the Individual Talent = 1092
The Metaphysical Poets = 1098
JOHN CROWE RANSOM(1888-1974) = 1105
Criticism, Inc. = 1108
MARTIN HEIDEGGER(1889-1976) = 1118
Language = 1121
ANTONIO GRAMSCI(1891-1937) = 1135
The Formation of the Intellectuals = 1138
ZORA NEALE HURSTON(1891-1960) = 1144
Characteristics of Negro Expression = 1146
What White Publishers Won't Print = 1159
WALTER BENJAMIN(1892-1940) = 1163
The Work of Art in the Age of Mechanical Reproduction = 1166
MIKHAIL M. BAKHTIN(1895-1975) = 1186
From Discourse in the Novel = 1190
MAX HORKHEIMER(1895-1973) and THEODOR W. ADORNO(1903-1969) = 1220
Dialectic of Enlightenment = 1223
From The Culture Industry : Enlightenment as Mass Deception = 1223
EDMUND WILSON (1895-1972) = 1240
Marxism and Literature = 1243
ROMAN JAKOBSON(1896-1982) = 1254
From Linguistics and Poetics = 1258
Two Aspects of Language and Two Types of Aphasic Disturbances = 1265
Ⅴ. The Metaphoric and Metonymic Poles = 1265
KENNETH BURKE(1897-1993) = 1269
Kinds of Criticism = 1272
JACQUES LACAN(1901-1981) = 1278
The Mirror Stage as Formative of the Function of the I as Revealed in Psychoanalytic Experience = 1285
From The Agency of the Letter in the Unconscious = 1290
The Signification of the Phallus = 1302
LANGSTON HUGHES(1902-1967) = 1311
The Negro Artist and the Racial Mountain = 1313
GEORGES POULET(1902-1991) = 1317
Phenomenology of Reading = 1320
JEAN-PAUL SARTRE(1905-1980) = 1333
What Is Literature? = 1336
Why Write? = 1336
CLEANTH BROOKS(1906-1994) = 1350
The Well Wrought Urn = 1353
Chapter 11. The Heresy of Paraphrase = 1353
The Formalist Critics = 1366
WILLIAM K. WIMSATT JR.(1907-1975) and MONROE C. BEARDSLEY(1915-1985) = 1371
The Intentional Fallacy = 1374
The Affective Fallacy = 1387
SIMONE DE BEAUVOIR(1908-1986) = 1403
The Second Sex = 1406
Chapter XI. Myth and Reality = 1406
CLAUDE L E ´ VI-STRAUSS(b. 1908) = 1415
Tristes Tropiques = 1419
Chapter 28. A Writing Lesson = 1419
J. L. AUSTIN(1911-1960) = 1427
Performative Utterances = 1430
NORTHROP FRYE(1912-1991) = 1442
The Archetkypes of Literature = 1445
ROLAND BARTHES(1915-1980) = 1457
Mythologies = 1461
Soap-powders and Detergents = 1461
The Brain of Einstein = 1462
Photography and Electoral Appeal = 1464
The Death of the Author = 1466
From Work to Text = 1470
LOUIS ALTHUSSER(1918-1990) = 1476
A Letter on Art in Reply to Andr e ´ Daspre = 1480
From Ideology and Ideological State Apparatuses = 1483
PAUL DE MAN(1919-1983) = 1509
Semiology and Rhetoric = 1514
The Return to Philology = 1527
IRVING HOWE(1920-1993) = 1532
History and the Novel = 1535
HANS ROBERT JAUSS(b. 1921) = 1547
From Literary History as a Challenge to Literary Theory = 1550
RAYMOND WILLIAMS(1921-1988) = 1565
Marxism and Literature = 1567
Part 1. Chapter 3. Literature = 1567
FRANTZ FANON(1925-1961) = 1575
The Wretched of the Earth = 1578
From The Pitfalls of National Consciousness = 1578
From On National Culture = 1587
GILLES DELEUZE(1925-1995) and F E ´ LIX GUATTARI(1930-1992) = 1593
Kafka : Toward a Minor Literature = 1598
From Chapter 3. What Is a Minor Literature? = 1598
A Thousand Plateaus : Capitalism and Schizophrenia = 1601
From Introduction : Rhizome = 1601
JEAN-FRAN \cedilC OIS LYOTARD(1925-1998) = 1609
Defining the Postmodern = 1612
MICHEL FOUCAULT(1926-1984) = 1615
What Is an Author? = 1622
Discipline and Punish : The Birth of the Prison = 1636
The Carceral = 1636
The History of Sexuality, Volume 1, An Introduction = 1648
Part Two : The Repressive Hypothesis = 1648
Chapter 1. The Incitement to Discourse = 1648
Chapter 2. The Perverse Implantation = 1659
From Truth and Power = 1667
WOLFGANG ISER(b. 1926) = 1670
Interaction between Text and Reader = 1673
E. D. HIRSCH JR.(b. 1928) = 1682
Objective Interpretation = 1684
HAYDEN WHITE(b. 1928) = 1709
The Historical Text as Literary Artifact = 1712
JEAN BAUDRILLARD(b. 1929) = 1729
From The Precession of Simulacra = 1732
J U ·· RGEN HABERMAS(b. 1929) = 1741
The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere : An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society = 1745
From Part Ⅱ. Social Structures of the Public Sphere = 1745
Modernity-An Incomplete Project = 1748
ADRIENNE RICH(b. 1929) = 1759
From Compulsory Heterosexuality and Lesbian Existence = 1762
CHINUA ACHEBE(b. 1930) = 1781
An Image of Africa : Racism in Conrad's Heart of Darkness = 1783
HAROLD BLOOM(b. 1930) = 1794
The Anxiety of Influence = 1797
Introduction. A Meditation upon Priority, and a Synopsis = 1797
Interchapter. A Manifesto for Antithetical Criticism = 1804
PIERRE BOURDIEU(b. 1930) = 1806
Distinction : A Social Critique of the judgement of Taste = 1809
Introduction = 1809
JACQUES DERRIDA(b. 1930) = 1815
Of Grammatology = 1822
Exergue = 1822
The Exorbitant. Question of Method = 1824
Dissemination = 1830
Plato's Pharmacy = 1830
Ⅰ
1. Pharmacia = 1831
2. The Father of Logos = 1839
4. The Pharmakon = 1846
5. The Pharmakeus = 1863
Ⅱ
From 9. Play : From the Pharmakon to the Letter and from Blindness to the Supplement = 1866
RICHARD OHMANN(b. 1931) = 1877
From The Shaping of a Canon : U.S. Fiction, 1960-1975 = 1880
STUART HALL(b. 1932) = 1895
Cultural Studies and Its Theoretical Legacies = 1898
BARBARA HERRNSTEIN SMITH(b. 1932) = 1910
Contingencies of Value = 1913
Chapter 3. Contingencies of Value = 1913
FREDRIC JAMESON(b. 1934) = 1932
The Political Unconscious : Narrative as a Socially Symbolic Act = 1937
Preface = 1937
From Chapter 1. On Interpretation : Literature as a Socially Symbolic Act = 1941
Postmodernism and Consumer Society = 1960
GERALD VIZENOR(b. 1934) = 1975
Manifest Manners : Postindian Warriors of Survivance = 1977
From Chapter 1. Postindian Warriors = 1977
EDWARD W. SAID(b. 1935) = 1986
Orientalism = 1991
Introduction = 1991
MONIQUE WITTIG(b. 1935) = 2012
One Is Not Born a Woman = 2014
SANDRA M. GILBERT(b.1936) and SUSAN GUBAR(b.1944) = 2021
The Madwoman in the Attic : The Woman Writer and the Nineteenth - Century Literary Imagination = 2023
From Chapter 2. Infection in the Sentence : The Woman Writer and the Anxiety of Authorship = 2023
H E ´ L E ` NE CIXOUS(b. 1937) = 2035
The Laugh of the Medusa = 2039
GERALD GRAFF(b. 1937) = 2056
Taking Cover in Coverage = 2059
STANLEY E. FISH(b. 1938) = 2067
Interpreting the Variorum = 2071
NGUGI W A ∨ THIONG'O(b. 1938), TABAN LO LIYONG(b. 1939), HENRY OWL[OR-ANYUMBA(1932-1992) = 2089
On the Abolition of the English Department = 2092
TZVETAN TODOROV(b. 1939) = 2097
Structural Analysis of Narrative = 2099
PAULA GUNN ALLEN(d. 1939) = 2106
Kochinnenako in Academe : Three Approaches to Interpreting a Keres Indian Tale = 2108
JANE TOMPKINS(b. 1940) = 2126
Me and My Shadow = 2129
ANNETTE KOLODNY(b. 1941) = 2143
Dancing through the Minefield : Some Observations on the Theory, Practice, and Politics of a Feminist Literary Criticism = 2146
JULIA KRISTEVA(b. 1941) = 2165
Revolution in Poetic Language = 2169
From Part Ⅰ. The Semiotic and the Symbolic = 2169
LAURA MULVEY(b. 1941) = 2179
Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema = 2181
GAYATRI CHAKRAVORTY SPIVAK(b. 1942) = 2193
A Critique of Postcolonial Reason = 2197
From Chapter 3. History = 2197
[Can the Subaltern Speak?] = 2197
GLORIA ANZALD U ´ A(b. 1942) = 2208
Borderlands／La Frontera : The New Mestiza = 2211
Chapter 7. La conciencia de la mestiza : Towards a New Consciousness = 2211
HOUSTON A. BAKER JR.(b. 1943) = 2223
Blues, Ideology, and Afro-American Literature : A Vernacular
Theory = 2227
Introduction = 2227
TERRY EAGLETON(b. 1943) = 2240
Literary Theory : An Introduction = 2243
From Chapter 1. The Rise of English = 2243
STEPHEN GREENBLATT(b. 1943) = 2250
Introduction to The Power of Forms in the English Renaissance = 2251
BARBARA CHRISTIAN(1943-2000) = 2255
The Race for Theory = 2257
DONNA HARAWAY(b. 1944) = 2266
A Manifesto for Cyborgs : Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the 1980s = 2269
BARBARA SMITH(b. 1946) = 2299
Toward a Black Feminist Criticism = 2302
BARBARA JOHNSON(b. 1947) = 2316
From Melville's Fist : The Execution of Billy Budd = 2319
BONNIE ZIMMERMAN(b. 1947) = 2338
What Has Never Been : An Overview of Lesbian Feminist Literary Criticism = 2340
SUSAN BORDO(b. 1947) = 2360
Unbearable Weight : Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body = 2362
Chapter 5. The Body and the Reproduction of Femininity = 2362
HOMI K. BHABHA(b. 1949) = 2377
The Commitment to Theory = 2379
LENNARD J. DAVIS(b. 1949) = 2398
Enforcing Normalcy : Disability, Deafness, and the Body = 2400
From Visualizing the Disabled Body : The Classical Nude and the Fragmented Torso = 2400
HENRY LOUIS GATES JR.(b. 1950) = 2421
Talking Black : Critical Signs of the Times = 2424
EVE KOSOFSKY SEDGWICK(b. 1950) = 2432
Between Men : English Literature and Male Homosocial Desire = 2434
From Introduction = 2434
Epistemology of the Closet = 2438
From Introduction : Axiomatic = 2438
DICK HEBDIGE(b. 1951) = 2445
Subculture : The Meaning of Style = 2448
Chapter 1. From Culture to Hegemony = 2448
STEVEN KNAPP(b.1951) and WALTER BENN MICHAELS(b.1948) = 2458
Against Theory = 2460
BELL HOOKS(b. Gloria Jean Watkins, 1952) = 2475
Postmodern Blackness = 2478
JUDITH BUTLER(b. 1956) = 2485
Gender Trouble = 2488
From Preface = 2488
From Chapter 3. Subversive Bodily Acts = 2490
STUART MOULTHROP(b. 1957) = 2502
You Say You Want a Revolution', Hypertext and the Laws of Media = 2504
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THEORY AND CRITICISM = 2525
Ⅰ. Theory and Criticism Bibliographies = 2525
Ⅱ. Anthologies of Theory and Criticism = 2525
Ⅲ. Histories of Criticism and Theory = 2528
Ⅳ. Glossaries, Encyclopedias, and Handbooks = 2532
Ⅴ. Introductions and Guides = 2532
Ⅵ. Modern and Contemporary Critical Schools and Movements = 2532
Permissions Acknowledgments = 2553
Author／Title Index = 2561
Subject Index = 2565
