CONTENTS
List of figures page = xii
Preface = xiii
List of symbols = xv
1 INTRODUCTION = 1
1.1 Semantics and semantic theory = 1
1.1.1 Compositionality = 2
1.1.2 Meaning relations = 5
1.1.3 Amibiguity = 8
1.1.4 Denotation = 10
1.2 Interpretation and representation= 13
1.2.1 Truth-conditions = 15
1.2.2 Formatisation, models and sets = 17
1.3 Beyond truth-conditions = 19
1.3.1 Knowledge, behaviour and use = 19
1.3.2 Context = 22
1.4 A note on method = 23
1.5 Further reading = 25
2 PREDICATES AND ARGUMENTS = 27
2.1 Translating English into a logical language = 27
2.1.1 The syntax of Lp = 27
2.1.2 A grammar fragment for English = 28
2.1.3 The translation procedure = 32
2.2 Interpreting Lp = 38
2.2.1 Individuals and identity = 41
2.2.2 A little light set theory = 44
2.2.3 Interpreting predicates = 47
2.2.4 Finishing Up = 52
2.3 Further reading = 53
3 NEGATION AND CO-ORDINATION = 54
3.1 Compound sentences = 54
3.2 Complex formulae = 55
3.3 Interpretation = 60
3.3.1 Negation = 60
3.3.2 Conjunction = 63
3.3.3 Disjunction = 67
3.3.4 Implication = 70
3.3.5 Equivalence = 73
3.4 Formal interpretation = 74
3.4.1 Formal models = 75
3.4.2 Model theory = 78
3.5 Further reading = 81
4 TYPE THEORY = 82
4.1 Verb phrases and other constituents = 82
4.2 A typed logical language = 83
4.2.1 Semantic types = 83
4.2.2 Translating verb phrases = 98
4.3 More set theory = 93
4.3.1 Relations and functions = 93
4.3.2 Sets again = 96
4.4 Interpreting Lt ype = 98
4.4.1 Denotation = 99
4.4.2 Revising the theory = 103
4.5 Adverbs = 107
4.6 Further reading = 111
5 THE LAMBDA OPERATOR = 112
5.1 The passive = 112
5.2 Introducing the lambda operator = 115
5.2.1 Extending Lt ype = 116
5.2.2 Interpreting lambda expressions = 119
5.2.3 The passive again = 126
5.3 Generalising lambda expressions = 127
5.4 Reviewing co-orditiation = 136
5.4.1 Sentential co-ordination = 136
5.4.2 Co-ordinating other categories = 143
5.5 Further reading = 149
6 QUANTIFICATION = 150
6.1 The variety of noun phrases = 150
6.2 Introducing the logical quantifiers = 151
6.2.1 The quantifiers = 152
6.2.2 Interpreting LQ = 154
6.2.3 Quantification and negation = 158
6.3 A compositional approach = 159
6.3.1 Translating quantifier pronouns = 159
6.3.2 Complex NPs = 162
6.3.3Nominal modifiers = 169
6.4 Proper names and definite descfiptions = 172
6.5 Two problems = 177
6.5.1 Type raising = 177
6.5.2 Scope ambiguities = 180
6.6 Gencralised quantifiers = 187
6.7 Further Reading = 195
7 INFERENCE = 197
7.1 Making inferences = 197
7.2 Logical deduction = 200
7.2 1 Using the connectives = 204
7.2.2 Reasoning with quantifiers = 210
7.3 Lexical meaning = 215
7.4 Noii-truth-conditional aspects of the connectives = 224
7.4.1 And = 224
7.4.2 Or = 276
7.4.3 If = 229
7.5 Further Reading = 231
8 TIME, TENSE AND ASPECT = 233
8.1 Temporal contingency = 233
8.2 Time = 233
8.2.1 Intervals of time = 234
8.2.2 Temporal models = 236
8.3 Tense = 241
8.3.1 Past, present and future = 241
8.3.2 Complex tenses = 246
8.4 Simple aspect = 251
8.4.1 Perfective and imperfective = 251
8.4.2 States and actions = 256
8.5 Scope ambiguities = 259
8.6 Ftirther reading = 262
9 POSSIBLE WORLDS = 263
9.1 Where entailments fail = 263
9.2 Intension and extension = 267
9.3 Introducing other worlds = 269
9.3.1 Simple modality = 270
9.3.2 Accessible worlds = 276
9.4 Further reading = 281
10 INTENSIONAL SEMANTICS = 282
10.1 Modelling intensions = 282
10.2 The intensional language LI L = 288
10.2.1 Intensional expressions ... = 289
10.2.2 ... and their interpretation = 293
10.3 Interpreting opaque contexts = 299
10.3.1 Oblique transitive verbs = 299
10.3.2 Control verbs = 306
10.3.3 Propositional attitudes = 308
10.4 Two problems = 315
10.4.1 Intensional equivalence = 316
10.4.2 Cross-world reference = 319
10.5 Postscript = 320
10.6 Further reading = 322
Answers to selected exercises = 323
References = 333
Index = 339
