CONTENTS
Preface = xv
Section I Concepts, Theories, and Methods = 1
Introduction / A. C. TUIJNMAN = 3
(a) Concepts = 9
Adult Education : Concepts and Principles / C. J. TITMUS = 9
Convergence between Education and Training / C. de MOURA CASTRO ; J. B. A. de OLIVEIRA = 18
Formal, Nonformal, and Informal Education / N. J. COLLETTA = 22
Lifelong and Continuing Education / P. J. SUTTON = 27
Lifelong Learning / A. HASAN = 33
Technical and Vocational Education and Training / K. KING = 41
Training on the Job / M. J. BOWMAN = 48
(b) Themes and Theories = 54
Community Education and Community Development / P. M. CUNNINGHAM = 54
Critical Approaches to Adult Education / S. WESTWOOD = 61
Family Life Education / L. VANDEMEULEBROECKE ; H. VAN CROMBRUGGE = 66
Human Resource Development / J. A. NIEMI = 71
Literacy / D. R. OLSON = 75
Literacy and Numeracy Models / D. BAKER ; B. STREET = 79
Peace Education / C. WULF = 85
Popular Education and Conscientization / D. R. EVANS = 89
Population Education / C. T. DAVIES = 92
Postliteracy / L. BENTON = 94
Recurrent Education / A. C. TUIJNMAN = 99
(c) Disciplinary Orientations = 107
Adult Education : Disciplinary Orientations / K. RUBENSON = 107
Andragogy / B. VAN GENT = 114
Anthropological Study of Literacy and Numeracy / D. F. LANCY = 118
Economics of Adult Education and Training / A. C. TUIJNMAN = 124
Economics of Nonformal Education / M. AHMED = 131
History of Adult Education / F. P O ·· GGELER = 135
Philosophy and Ethics in Adult Education / K. H. LAWSON = 139
Political Science and Policy Analysis / C. M. GRIFFIN = 145
Psychology of Adult Education / J. M. PIETERS = 150
Sociology of Adult Education / P. JARVIS = 158
(d) Epistemology and Research Methodology = 164
Adult Education Research / K. RUBENSON = 164
Empiricism, Positivism, and Antipositivism / D. C. PHILLIPS = 169
Epistemological Issues in Educational Research / J. C. WALKER ; C. W. EVERS = 173
Ideologies in Adult Education / H. ENTWISTLE = 182
Participatory Research / B. L. HALL = 187
Research Methodology : Human Development / A. VON EYE ; C. SPIEL = 194
Research Methodology : Scientific Methods / A. KAPLAN = 198
Section Ⅱ Policies and Costs and Finance = 207
Introduction / A. C. TUIJNMAN = 209
(a) Adult Education Policy = 213
Adult Education for Development / C. A. TORRES = 213
Adult Literacy in the Third World / A. LIND ; A. JOHNSTON = 221
Development through Nonformal Education / T. J. LABELLE ; C. R. WARD = 228
Government Role in Adult Education and Training / A. ZIDERMAN = 233
Legislation in Adult Education / J. LOWE = 239
Market Concepts in Provision / N. STACEY ; D. le TO = 245
Market Failure in Adult Education and Training / D. STERN = 255
Overeducation / J. H. BISHOP = 258
Recognition and Certification of Skills / D. COLARDYN = 265
Technological Change and Education / M. CARNOY = 269
Time, Leisure, and Adult Education / J. LOWE = 275
Time Policies for Lifelong Learning / K. ABRAHAMSSON = 280
(b) Costs and Finance = 285
Demand, Supply, and Finance of Adult Education / G. K. WURZBURG = 285
Costs of Adult Education and Training / M. C. TSANG = 292
Financing Lifelong Learning / D. TIMMERMANN = 300
Paid Educational Leave through Legislation and Collective Bargaining / H. G. SCH U ·· TZE = 303
Partnerships : Initial and Adult Education / D. HIRSCH = 310
Payroll Levies / A. ZIDERMAN = 313
Performance Contracting / W. W. WILMS ; A. J. HARDCASTLE = 318
Training with Production / W. E. BIEVLIET = 325
Section Ⅲ Human Development and Adult Learning = 333
Introduction / A. C. TUIJNMAN = 335
(a) Human Development = 338
Human Development / F. E. WEINERT = 338
Human Development : Aging / K. W. SCHAIE = 348
Lifespan Development / J. HECKHAUSEN = 353
Lifespan Development : Intelligence / R. J. STERNBERG ; P. A. McGRANE = 356
Lifespan Development : Memory / W. SCHNEIDER = 362
Lifespan Development : Phases / A. W. FALES = 366
Lifespan Development : Problems and Crises / L. MONTADA = 371
(b) Adult Learning = 375
Adult Learning : An Overview / S. D. BROOKFIELD = 375
Approaches to Learning / J. B. BIGGS = 381
Development of Learning Across the Lifespan / M. J. A. HOWE = 385
Environments for Learning / A. COLLINS ; J. G. GREENO ; L. B. RESNICK = 389
Experiential and Open Learning / R. H. PAUL = 393
Group Learning / G. G. DARKENWALD = 397
Individual Differences, Learning, and Instruction / R. E. SNOW = 400
Learning by Contract / A. D. ROSE = 410
Learning in the Workplace / J. LOWYCK = 414
Learning to Learn / R. M. SMITH = 418
Learning Transfer / D. N. PERKINS ; G. SALOMON = 422
Self-directed Learning / R. HIEMSTRA = 427
Study and Learning Strategies / N. J. ENTWISTLE = 433
The Implications for Educators / D. MACKERACHER ; A. C. TUIJNMAN = 443
Section Ⅳ Educational Technology = 451
Introduction / A. C. TUIJMAN = 453
Concepts of Educational Technology / M. ERAUT = 456
Curriculum in Adult Education / J. N. STREUMER ; A. C. TUIJNMAN = 472
Curriculum in Adult Literacy / G. KAMPER = 480
Educational Technology in Distance Education / A. W. BATES = 485
Educational Technology in Vocational Training / G. L. ROTH = 491
Instructional Design : Guidelines and Theories / C. M. REIGELUTH = 497
Instructional Design : Models / K. L. GUSTAFSON = 503
Job and Task Analysis / J. W. M. KESSELS ; C. A. SMIT = 509
Modularization in Adult Education and Training / C. HOWIESON = 513
Program Design : Effectiveness / M. MULDER = 519
The Development of Competence : Toward a Taxonomy / M. MARSISKE ; J. SMITH = 524
Teacher Roles and Teaching Styles / S. D. BROOKFIELD = 529
Teaching Methods : General / M. D. STEPHENS = 534
Teaching Methods : Individual Techniques / A. J. ROMISZOWSKI = 538
Training of Adult Educators / P. JARVIS ; A. CHADWICK = 543
Section Ⅴ Participation and Provision : 551
Introduction / D. HIRSCH ; A. C. TUIJNMAN = 553
(a) Participation = 558
Clienteles and Special Populations / A. C. TUIJNMAN = 558
Participation : Antecedent Factors / M. VAN DER KAMP = 565
Participation : Role of Motivation / D. DESHLER = 570
Student Counseling / J. POTTER = 575
Student Dropout / D. R. GARRISON = 580
Student Outreach / M. OSBORN = 583
Student Support Systems / C. HEALY / H. MARTIN = 586
Third-age Students in Higher Education / T. HORE = 589
Women and Access to Vocational Training / G. GOODALE = 598
Women and Adult Education / K. L. OGLESBY = 603
(b) Provision = 611
Providers of Adult Education : An Overview / A. C. TUIJNMAN = 611
Adult Basic Education / M. A. KUTNER = 619
Adult Secondary Education / L. G. MARTIN = 623
Adult Tertiary Education / C. DUKE = 627
Community Colleges / A. M. COHEN = 631
Distance Education / H. C. de WOLF = 638
Folk High Schools / L. ARVIDSON ; B. GUSTAVSSON = 645
Livraries as Learning Resources / R. WOOLLS = 649
Open University / B. HOLMBERG = 653
Polytechnical Education / L. J. WATSON = 659
Study Circles / J. BYSTR O ·· M = 663
University Adult Education / C. E. KASWORM = 665
Worker Education and Labor Education / N. EIGER = 670
Section Ⅵ Organization = 677
Introduction / A. C. TUIJNMAN = 679
(a) Comparative and International Organization = 682
Comparative Studies : Adult Education / C. J. TITMUS = 682
Comparative Studies : Vocational Education and Training / D. N. WILSON = 687
Information Sources in Adult Education / S. IMEL = 693
International Adult Education / C. DUKE = 696
International Council for Adult Education / T. KHALIL-KHOURI = 702
International Labour Organisation / A. SALT ; D. BOWLAND = 704
Nongovernmental Organizations / J. P. COMINGS = 709
Professional Associations / H. B. LONG = 712
UNESCO and Adult Education / P. B E' LANGER ; H. MOBARAK = 717
(b) Regional and National Organization = 724
Africa, Anglophone / J. T. OKEDARA = 724
Africa, Francophone / A. OUANE = 730
Arab Countries / B. G. MASSIALAS = 736
Asia, East and Southeast / KAI-MING CHENG ; SUK-YING WONG ; NAN-ZHAO ZHOU = 742
Asia, Southeast : Literacy / W. P. NAPITUPULU = 747
Australia and New Zealand / G. CALDWELL = 752
Baltic Countries / T. M A ·· RJA ; U ·· . VOOGLAID = 757
Caribbean and Central America / U. GIERE ; S. HIELSCHER ; E. D. RAMESAR = 761
China : People's Republic / MING CHUAN DONG = 768
European Union : Continuing Vocational Training / R. WALTHER = 772
Europe, Central and Eastern / A. KRAJNC = 777
Europe : Nordic Countries / B. WAHLGREN / 781
Europe, Western and Southern / W. HOUTKOOP = 786
Indian Subcontinent / JANDHYALA B. G. TILAK = 795
Japan : Social and Adult Education / S. MIURA = 800
Japan : Vocational Education and Training / M. SAKO = 805
Latin America : Adult Education / F. VIO GROSSSI ; D. PALMA = 811
Latin America : National Training Agencies / M. A. DUCCI = 814
North America / W. S. GRIFFITH = 820
Section Ⅶ Evaluation and Measurement = 829
Introduction / A. C. TUIJNMAN = 831
(a) Evaluation = 834
Evaluation Concepts and Principles / R. M. WOLF = 834
Evaluation of Adult Education / B. C. COURTENAY = 839
Evaluation of Distance Education : Cost-Effectiveness / F. ORIVEL = 843
Evaluation of Industry Training : Cost-Effectiveness / M. MULDER = 848
Evaluation of Public Training : Cost-Effectiveness / P. A. BOOT ; M. G. DREWES = 852
(b) Measurement = 858
Literacy : Research and Measurement / D. A. WAGNER = 858
Measurement of Adult Education / T. SCOTT MURRAY = 864
Measurement of Industry Training / R. J. McCOMBE = 869
Measurement of Training Costs / JANDHYALA B. G. TILAK = 873
Statistics of Adult and Nonformal Education / S. K. CHU = 878
Statistics of Employee Training / N. BOWERS = 884
Postscript / S. D. BROOKFIELD = 889
List of Contributors = 897
Name Index = 905
Subject Index = 919
