Preface = xv
Acknowledgements = xvii
Reading Logistics = xviii
Key to Symbols = xx
Part Ⅰ: Phonetics and Phonology = 1
1 How Are Sounds Made? The Production of Obstruents = 3
1 Speech sounds = 3
2 Fricatives: Place and Manner of Articulation = 6
3 Phonetic Transcription = 7
4 A Hissing Fricative = 9
5 A Fricative in the Back of the Mouth = 11
6 A Laryngeal Fricative = 14
7 Voice = 16
8 The Stop Gesture = 19
9 More Stops = 20
10 Still More Fricatives = 23
11 Affricates = 25
12 Summing Up = 26
Key Questions = 29
Further Practice = 29
2 Introducing Phonology : Assimilation = 31
1 On How Bilabial Stops Become Labiodental = 31
2 Total Place Assimilation in Stops = 34
3 Voice Assimilation = 38
4 The Organization of Language = 41
5 Basic and Derived Forms = 45
6 The Formalization of Rules = 49
7 Derivations = 52
8 Phonetics and Phonology = 54
Key Questions = 56
Further Practice = 57
3 Sonorant Consonants = 58
1 General Properties of Sonorants = 59
2 Nasality = 60
3 The Universal Nasal = 63
4 Other Nasal Consonants = 65
5 Liquids = 69
6 Laterals = 70
7 Rhotics = 74
8 Summing Up = 81
Key Questions = 83
Further Practice = 83
4 Natural Classes of Sounds : Distinctive Features = 85
1 Descriptive Phonetic Parameters = 86
2 Distinctive Features = 87
3 Naturalness and Formal Economy = 90
4 Place Assimilation in Nasals : Natural Classes = 92
5 The Feature "Coronal". Active and Passive Articulators = 96
6 Single-Value Features = 97
7 Constraining Rules : Autosegmental Formalism = 99
8 Functional Groupings of Features = 102
9 Feature Dependencies = 105
Key Questions = 112
Further Practice = 112
5 Vowel Sounds : Cardinal Vowels = 114
1 On What Vowels Are and How They Are Made = 115
2 The Two Basic Cardinal Vowels = 117
3 The Four Corner Primary Cardinal Vowels : Two Axial Parameters = 119
4 Four Perceptually Intermediate Primary Cardinal Vowels : The Roundness Parameter = 123
5 Cardinal Vowels and Real-Word Vowels : Diacritic Symbols = 126
6 Some Vowel Typology : The Basic Vowel Triangle = 127
7 Quantum Vowels = 129
8 Secondary Cardinal Vowels : Front Round Vowels = 130
9 Back Secondary Cardinal Vowels = 134
10 Central Vowels = 137
Key Questions = 140
Further Practice = 141
6 Phonological Processes Involving Vowel Features = 143
1 Distinctive Features for Vowels = 144
2 Feature Dependencies = 146
3 Two More Distinctive Features = 147
4 Back Harmony in Turkish = 149
5 Lexical Underspecification = 152
6 Vowel Disharmony = 154
7 The No-Crossing Constraint = 157
8 German Umlaut = 160
9 English Plurals = 164
Key Questions = 167
Further Practice = 167
7 The Vowels of English = 169
1 Variation in English = 169
2 The Four Corner Vowels = 173
3 Intermediate Primary Vowels = 178
4 More Lax Vowels = 181
5 Central Vowels = 186
6 Homogeneous Diphthongs = 190
7 Heterogeneous Diphthongs = 195
8 Centring Diphthongs = 199
Key Questions = 202
Further Practice = 202
8 The Timing Tier and the Great Vowel Shift = 204
1 A Puzzle with Affricates = 205
2 The Timing Tier = 207
3 A Strange Set of Vowel Alternations in English = 210
4 Short∼Long Vowel Alternations = 212
5 The Great Vowel Shift = 214
6 The Synchronic Reflex of the GVS. Vowel Primes and Vowel Processes = 218
7 The SPE Account = 221
8 Further Repercussions of the Vowel Shift = 223
9 Multidimensional Phonology: The Skeleton = 226
Key Questions = 229
Further Practice = 229
Part Ⅱ: Suprasegmental Structure = 233
9 The Syllable = 235
1 The Shape of Children''s Early Utterances = 236
2 Structure of the Core Syllable = 238
3 Sonority and the Syllable = 241
4 The Coda = 242
5 The Rime = 244
6 Basic Syllable Typology = 245
7 The Nature of the Syllable = 248
8 Complex Nuclei = 249
9 Complex Onsets = 252
10 The Sonority Hierarchy = 253
11 Sonority Distance = 256
Key Questions = 258
Further Practice = 259
10 Syllable Complexity : English Phonotactics = 261
1 Complex Codas = 262
2 Non-Vocalic Nuclei = 265
3 Vowels in Disguise = 268
4 Onset Vowels. The "OCP" = 271
5 Syllabification of [ i ˘ u] = 275
6 Onset Fulfilment = 278
7 Onset Maximization. English Stop Allophony = 279
8 No Complex Codas in English = 284
9 The Antics of｜s｜= 288
Key Questions = 291
Further Practice = 292
11 The Phenomenon of Stress : Rhythm = 294
1 Syllable Prominence = 295
2 Word Prominence = 296
3 Metrical Grids = 299
4 Motivating Stress Constrasts = 300
5 The Distribution of Stress in Personal Names = 302
6 Stress Retraction under Clash = 304
7 Word-Internal Stress Retraction = 307
8 Retraction Failures : The Continuous Column Constraint = 310
9 Rhythm = 312
10 Segmental Evidence for Stress : Vowel Reduction = 314
11 Stop Allophony = 315
Key Questions = 318
Further Practice = 318
12 Metrical Principles and Parameters = 321
1 English Phrasal and Compound Stress = 321
2 Extrametricality = 323
3 The Elsewhere Condition = 325
4 Stress Assignment in Words = 327
5 Basic Stress Pattern of English Nouns = 329
6 The Metrical Foot = 331
7 Main Word Stress in English = 333
8 Multiple Stress = 335
9 Stress Typology : Metrical Parameters = 338
10 Word-Level Stress : Line Conflation = 342
Key Questions = 346
Further Practice = 346
13 Syllable Weight. Further Metrical Machinery = 349
1 An Additional Pattern of Stress in English = 349
2 Syllable Weight and Metrical Accent = 352
3 The Word-Final Consonant = 357
4 Long Vowels in the Last Syllable = 359
5 Moras = 361
6 Foot Structure and Universal Rhythm = 365
7 Non-Rhythmic Stress = 368
8 Unbounded Feet = 371
9 Idiosyncratic Accent = 373
Key Questions = 379
Further Practice = 379
14 Tonal Phonology = 382
1 The Phenomenon of Intonation = 383
2 The Mechanics of Intonation = 384
3 The Primitives of Intonation = 385
4 Autosegmental Intonation = 387
5 Stress and Intonation = 389
6 Non-Lexical Tones = 390
7 Three Types of Intonational Tones = 391
8 Sentence Intonation = 392
9 Tone Languages = 393
10 Pitch Accent Languages = 395
11 Principles of Autosegmental Association = 399
12 Floating Tones = 402
Key Questions = 406
Further Practice = 406
Part Ⅲ: Advanced Theory = 409
15 Modes of Application : The Cycle = 411
1 Staged Grid Construction = 412
2 Cyclic Tone Association = 415
3 Non-Cyclic Refooting = 418
4 Final Stress Retraction = 422
5 Vowel Shortening = 424
6 Strict Cyclicity = 427
7 Non-Cyclic Accenting = 429
8 Word-Internal Stress Cycle = 432
9 The Structure of the Word-Final Syllable = 436
Key Questions = 441
Further Practice = 441
16 Domains of Application : Lexical and Prosodic Phonology = 444
1 Three-Mora Feet? = 444
2 Violations of the Three-Syllable Window = 446
3 Cyclic and Non-Cyclic Affixes = 449
4 The Interaction between Morphology and phonology = 451
5 The Scope of Peripherality = 455
6 Word-Internal Cohesion : The Bracket Erasure Convention = 457
7 Non-Cyclic Processes = 459
8 Ordered Affixes = 465
9 Lexical Phonology : Problematic Orderings = 469
10 The Phonological Phrase = 472
11 The Intonational Phrase = 476
12 The Phonological Utterance = 480
13 Properties of Phonological Domains = 481
14 Subphrasal Phonological Domains = 483
15 Segmental Affiliation to the Phonological Word = 486
16 Small Phonological Words = 488
Key Questions = 494
Further Practice = 495
17 Aspects of Lexical Representation : Underspecification, Markedness and Feature Geometry = 498
1 Effects of Strict Cyclicity = 499
2 Lexical Underspecification = 502
3 Feature Transparency as Underspecification = 504
4 Underspecification and Markedness = 507
5 The Theory of Radical Underspecification = 511
6 Problems for Radical Underspecification = 516
7 Contrast-Restricted Underspecification = 521
8 Feature Dependencies = 522
9 Feature Geometry = 524
10 Class Nodes = 526
11 Relations between Vowels and Consonants = 529
12 Redundancies between Features = 531
13 Privative Features = 534
Key Questions = 539
Further Practice = 539
18 Rules and Derivations = 543
1 Rule Ordering : Feeding and Counterfeeding = 543
2 Bleeding and Counterbleeding = 549
3 Transitivity = 552
4 Palatalization = 556
5 Further Twists = 561
6 Vowel Length Alternations. Tensing = 565
7 Cyclic Rules = 570
8 Non-Cyclic Rules = 576
Key Questions = 580
Further Practice = 580
19 Constraints : Optimality Theory = 584
1 Naturalness of Phonological Inventory : Markedness = 585
2 Constraint Ranking : Faithfulness = 588
3 Structural Constraints : Syllables = 592
4 The Generator. Tableaux = 594
5 Basic English Syllables = 596
6 Syllable Complexities = 600
7 Basic Metrical Structure = 605
8 Extrametricality = 607
9 Quantity-Sensitivity = 609
10 Secondary Footing = 612
11 Correspondence Constraints = 613
12 Cyclic Effects = 617
13 Word Formation through Truncation = 619
14 OT Morphology: English Plurals = 620
15 English Possessives and Correspondence Theory = 624
Key Questions = 627
Further Practice = 628
20 Looking Back and Moving On = 630
1 Phonetics = 631
2 Foundations of Phonology = 634
3 Syllables = 637
4 Stress = 639
5 Tone = 641
6 The Interaction between Morphology and Phonology = 643
7 Phonological Domains = 646
8 Aspects of Lexical Representation = 648
9 Derivational Theory = 651
10 Optimality Theory = 654
Key Questions = 660
Further Practice = 661
References = 665
Glossary = 683
Index of Languages = 705
Index of Names = 709
Index of Subjects = 712
주석 = 731
