CONTENTS
List of Tables, Figures and Exhibits = ⅶ
Introduction = 1
Studying non-democratic regimes - why and how = 1
The modern form of non-democratic regime - the military and party dicatorships = 3
Differences between military and party dictatorships = 5
1 Theories of Non-Democratic Government = 7
Totalitarianism = 8
Authoritarianism = 21
2 Types of Non-Democratic Regime = 36
The party type of non-democratic regime = 37
The military type of non-democratic regime = 44
The personalist type of non-democratic regime = 52
3 The Emergence of Military Dectatorships = 59
Motive = 62
Means = 68
Opportunity = 72
The emergence of less-than-military regimes = 76
4 The Emergence of Party Dictatorships = 81
Motive = 84
Means = 88
Opportunity = 96
5 Consolidation, Legitimacy and Control = 100
Seeking legitimacy = 101
Electoral means of legitimation = 104
Ideological legitimation = 108
Strengthening control = 112
Military dictatiorships' strengthening of control = 116
Party dictatorships' strengthening of control = 124
6 Degeneration into Personal Rule = 129
The nature of personalist rule = 129
Three 'classic' cases : Hitler, Stalin and Mussolini = 135
Three military cases and the awkward case of Saddam Hussenin = 141
The monarchical presidency = 147
7 Policies and Performance = 154
Distinctive policies = 155
Personalist government and policy-making = 162
Non-personalist government and policy-making = 169
Performance and policy implementation = 173
8 Democratisation = 188
The demise of dicatiorships and birth of democracies = 188
The military's reliquishing of power = 193
Transitions to democracy = 202
Transitions from personalist rule = 212
Democratisation of party dictatorships = 217
9 Semi-Dictatorships and Semidemocracies = 226
The classic example : Mexico = 230
The historical stronghold : Latin America = 235
An Asian example : Suharto's Indonesia = 238
Distinguishing between semi-dictatorship and semidemocracy = 240
Two ambiguous cases : Malaysia and Singapore = 245
Protodemocracy in Russia and Central Asia = 252
10 The Failure and Extinction of Dictatorship? = 256
Failure = 256
Extinction? = 258
Further Reading = 261
References = 264
Index = 277
