CONTENTS
Acknowledgements = xv
Preface = xvii
Part 1 FOUNDATIONS = 1
1. What's in a Word = 3
1.0 Introduction : A Form of Words = 3
1.1 Some Definitions = 3
1.2 Lexemes and Words = 6
1.3 Grammatical and Lexical Words = 8
1.4 Morphemes and Morphology = 9
1.5 Word Formation = 9
1.6 Multiple Meanings = 11
1.7 In a Word: A Summary = 13
1.8 Referential Meaning = 14
1.9 Componential Analysis = 16
1.10 Structural Semantics : Words and Other Words = 18
1.11 Basic English : A Review = 22
1.11.1 Styles and Associations = 27
1.12 Conclusion = 28
2. The Notion of Core Vocabulary = 33
2.0 Core Vocabularies : Some Initial Questions = 33
2.1 Some Tests for Core Vocabulary = 35
2.1.0 Syntactic Substitution = 35
2.1.1 Antonymy = 36
2.1.2 CollocabiUty = 36
2.1.3 Extension = 38
2.1.4 Superordinateness = 38
2.1.5 Culture - Free = 39
2.1.6 Summary = 40
2.1.7 Associationism = 40
2.1.8 Neutral Field of Discourse = 41
2.1.9 Neutral Tenor of Discourse = 41
2.2 Applications and Further Research = 42
2.3 Conclusion = 44
3. Words and Patterns = 47
3.0 Introduction : Ways with Words = 47
3.1 Collocation : Lexis as a Level = 47
3.2 Sets and Fields = 50
3.3 Patterns, Ranges and Restrictions = 52
3.4 Collocation and Style = 54
3.5 Collocation and Grammar = 55
3.6 Idioms Galore : Fixed Expressions and Language Structure = 58
3.7 Fixing Fixed Expressions = 61
3.8 Lexical Patterns: A Summary = 62
3.9 Lexis and the Language Learner: What is Lexical Error? = 65
3.10 Conclusion = 68
4. Lexis and Discourse = 71
4.0 Introduction = 71
4.1 Lexical Cohesion = 72
4.2 Lexical Signalling = 74
4.3 Evaluation and Discourse = 76
4.4 Anaphoric Nouns = 78
4.5 Densities and Viewpoints: Spoken and Written Continua = 81
4.6 Lexical Patterning in Spoken Discourse = 84
4.7 Lexis, Coherence and Writing Development = 87
4.8 Lexis and Genre = 91
4.9 Lexicalization, Discourse and Ideology = 92
4.10 Conclusion = 97
Part II REVIEWS = 99
5. Lexis and Literary Stylistics = 101
5.0 Introduction = 101
5.1 Sets, Patterns and Meaning = 102
5.2 Lexis and Register - Mixing = 103
5.3 Interpreting Lexis in Poetry = 105
5.4 Measuring Lexical Associations in Literary Texts = 108
5.5 Using Informants = 109
5.5.1 Who is the Reader? = 109
5.5.2 Competence : Linguistic and Literary = 110
5.5.3 Analysis = 112
5.6 Lexis and Literariness = 112
5.7 Metaphor = 118
5.8 Arbitrariness, Words, Ideology : A Note = 121
5.9 Conclusion = 123
6. Lexis and Lexicography = 125
6.0 Introduction = 125
6.1 The Image of the Dictionary ; User and Use = 125
6.2 Dictionary Definitions = 126
6.3 Grammar and the Dictionary = 128
6.4 Fixed Expressions and the Dictionary = 132
6.5 Monosemy, Polysemy and Dictionary Entries = 136
6.6 The COBUILD Project = 140
6.7 Conclusion = 142
7. Learning and Teaching Vocabulary = 145
7.0 Introduction ; Some Historical Perspectives = 145
7.1 Early Words : Mother - Tongue English = 147
7.2 The Growth of Word Meaning: Children into Adults = 150
7.2.1 The Syntagmatic - Paradigmatic = 150
7.2.2 Concrete - Abstract Progression = 150
7.2.3 Generalizations = 151
7.3 LI and L2 = 151
7.4 Memorization = 153
7.5 What is a Difficult Word? = 155
7.6 The Birkbeck Vocabulary Project = 157
7.7 Transitions = 161
7.8 Vocabulary and Language Teaching: Introduction = 162
7.9 Word Lists : Vocabulary for Beginners = 162
7.10 Words in Context = 165
7.11 Word Sets and Grids : Vocabulary for Advanced Learners = 170
7.12 Vocabulary in Discourse: Fixed Expressions and Lexis in Use = 173
7.12.1 Fixed Expressions and Learnability = 176
7.13 Cloze and its Uses = 177
7.13.1 Procedures = 177
7.13.2 Discourse Cloze = 179
7.14 Computer Corpora and Word Lists Once More = 181
7.15 Core Vocabulary and Language Study: Back to the Core = 184
7.16 Conclusions ; Knowing and Teaching Vocabulary = 186
Part III CASE STUDIES = 191
8. Case Study : Lexis, Tones and Ironies = 193
8.0 Introduction = 193
8.1 General Framework = 194
8.2 Gricean Analysis of Irony : Lexical Perspectives = 195
8.3 Irony, Lexis and Genre = 197
8.4 Conclusions = 201
8.5 Appendices : Informant Tests = 202
9. Case Study : Style, Lexis and the Dictionary = 208
9.0 Introduction = 208
9.1 Semantics, Associations and Definitions = 208
9.2 Semantic Space = 212
9.3 Informants and the Measurement of 'Meanings' = 215
9.4 Core Vocabulary and the Dictionary: A Sample Entry = 219
9.5 Conclusion = 223
Bibliography = 227
Index = 245
