CONTENTS
Preface = xi
Notes on Presentation = xv
Abbreviations = xix
Transliteration = xxi
PART Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION
1. The Problem = 3
1.1. Background = 3
1.2. The Kartvelian Family = 5
2. Theory and Method = 13
2.1. Synchrony = 13
2.2. Diachrony = 21
2.3. Conclusion = 33
PART Ⅱ. RECONSTRUCTION
3. Synchronic Case Marking = 37
3.1. Introduction = 37
3.2. The Basis for the Distribution of Cases = 38
3.3. Svan = 42
3.4. Old Georgian = 47
3.5. Laz = 52
3.6. Mingrelian = 55
3.7. Concluding Statement = 58
Appendix. Class 2 Intransitives = 58
4. Reconstruction of Case Morphology = 65
4.1. Introduction = 65
4.2. Sample Declensions = 66
4.3. Reconstruction = 72
4.4. The Nonarticulated Form in Old Georgian = 79
4.5. Plurals, Pronouns, and Proper Nouns = 87
4.6. Reconstruction of CK Cases = 89
5. Series II Predates Series I = 93
5.1. A Proposal = 93
5.2. Tense, Mood, and Aspect in Kartvelian = 95
5.3. Icis and Ucqis 'Know' = 103
5.4. Concluding Statement = 104
6. Reconstruction of Series II Case Marking = 107
6.1. Syntactic Relics = 108
6.2. Georgian = 111
6.3. Laz = 116
6.4. Svan = 119
6.5. Basic Intransitives with Variation among Cognates = 123
6.6. Transitive-Intransitive Pairs in Kartvelian = 124
6.7. Distinguishing Innovation from Archaism = 133
6.8. Further Characterization of CK Case Marking = 141
6.9. Summary : The General Picture = 143
PART Ⅲ. THE. DEVELOPMENT OF SERIES I IN COMMON KARTVELIAN
7. An Account of the Development of Series I = 151
7.1. Facts to be Accounted for = 151
7.2. Existing Hypotheses = 157
7.3. An Explicit Proposal = 162
8. Ablaut = 167
8.1. Ablaut in Monomorphemic Verb Stems in CK = 167
8.2. Beyond Monovocalicity : A Proposal = 170
8.3. Ablaut in Bimorphemic Verb Stems in CK = 172
8.4. Evidence to Support the Proposal = 176
8.5. Restructuring the Paradigms = 184
8.6. Summary = 185
Appendix. Other Ablaut Patterns = 186
9. The Origin of Series Markers = 189
9.1. A Proposal = 189
9.2. Common Georgian-Zan = 190
9.3. Svan = 199
9.4. A Functional Parallel = 202
9.5. The Problem of Series Marker -i = 203
9.6. Alternative Analyses = 206
9.7. Conclusion = 207
10. The Plural Agreement Marker -en = 209
10.1. The Distribution of -en in Old Georgian = 209
10.2. The Suffix -en in Series I = 222
10.3. Summary = 228
11. Case Marking in the Object Demotion Construction = 231
11.1. Ergative Case Alignment and Object Demotion = 231
11.2. Reconstruction of Marking Assigned to Retired Indirect Objects = 235
11.3. The Retired Indirect Object in Series I = 253
12. The Picture That Emerges = 257
12.1. Person Agreement in Old Georgian = 257
12.2. Summary of Evidence Supporting the Object Demotion Hypothesis = 263
PART Ⅳ. OTHER CHANGES RELATED TO CASE MARKING
13. Inversion and the Origins of Series III and IV = 271
13.1. The Syntax of the Inversion Construction = 272
13.2. The Origin of Series III = 286
13.3. The Place of the Evidential in the Verbal System = 295
13.4. Inversion and the History of Number Agreement = 306
13.5. Reanalysis of Series III = 316
13.6. The Origin of Series III and Other Changes in the Grammar = 321
14. Ergative to Active : The Mechanism of Change in Georgian = 329
14.1. The Transition from Generalized to Restricted Ergative = 330
14.2. The Transition from Ergative to Active = 342
14.3. The Actualization of Change = 344
14.4. Alternative Accounts = 350
14.5. Conclusion = 354
Appendix. Overgeneralization : The Case of Expressives = 354
15. Case Changes Resulting from the Ergative-to-Active Shift = 363
15.1. Reanalysis of Series I = 363
15.2. A Change in Case Morphology = 370
15.3. Extensions = 371
15.4. Extension as a Mechanism in the Change of Case Alignment = 380
15.5. Artasen = 385
15.6. Conclusion = 389
PART Ⅴ. KARTVELIAN AND LANGUAGE UNIVERSALS
16. Concomitants of Change = 395
16.1. Correlates = 395
16.2. Interpretation = 404
16.3. Conclusions = 409
17. Case Alignment : Diachrony and Synchrony = 413
17.1. Mechanisms = 413
17.2. Directions = 417
17.3. The Nature and Explanation of Change = 420
17.4. The Nature of Active Alignment in Kartvelian = 427
17.5. The Nature of Alignment Splits = 428
17.6. Conclusion = 430
References = 433
Index = 453
