CONTENTS
Preface = ⅸ
Introduction = 1
PART Ⅰ PHONOLOGICAL STRUCTURE = 5
1 The structure of phonological segments = 7
1.1 Some basic assumptions = 7
1.2 Non-componentiality = 9
1.3 Minimal componentiality = 11
1.3.1 Binary features = 11
1.3.2 Markedness and naturalness = 14
1.3.3 Rule naturalness = 17
1.3.4 Phonological scales = 19
1.4 Scalar features: an alternative minimal theory = 24
1.5 Vowel components = 28
1.6 Multi-gestural representations = 34
1.6.1 Arguments for greater componentiality = 37
1.6.2 Phonetic evidence for greater componentiality = 39
2 The structure of phonological sequences = 41
2.1 Non-constituentiality = 41
2.1.1 Introduction = 41
2.1.2 The status of syllabicity = 42
2.1.3 Recurrence, markedness and conslituentiality = 45
2.2 The syllable as a constituent = 50
2.2.1 The syllable as a domain for sequential conditions = 50
2.2.2 The syllable as a domain for phonological processes = 53
2.3 Syllable boundaries = 58
2.3.1 Principles of syllabification = 59
2.3.2 Syllabification and morphology = 61
2.3.3 Ambisyllabicity and the foot = 64
2.3.4 Middle English Open Syllable Lengthening = 66
2.4 The basic domain of syllabification = 69
2.4.1 Words, formatives and morphemes = 69
2.4.2 Beyond the word = 70
2.5 Syllabification and stress placement = 72
2.5.1 The Main Stress Rule, weak clusters and syllabification = 72
2.5.2 Evidence for pre-stress-assignment ambisyllabicity = 75
2.6 Preliminary remarks on the foot and the tone group = 78
2.7 The nature of syllabicity, stressedness and tonicity: an informal outline = 80
2.7.1 The headedness of phonological constructions = 80
2.7.2 The binary character of phonological constructions = 82
3 Dependency structures in phonology = 85
3.1 Dependency and syntax = 85
3.1.1 Constituency and precedence = 85
3.1.2 The notion 'head of a construction' = 86
3.1.3 The dependency relation = 88
3.1.4 Dependency trees = 90
3.1.5 VP and subjunctions = 91
3.2 The dependency structure of phonological sequences : a first approximation = 96
3.2.1 Syllabicity, stressedness and tonicity = 96
3.2.2 Prominence, sonority and syllable structure = 97
3.2.3 The configurational expression of phrasal categories and of relative prominence = 100
3.2.4 Complex feet and complex rhymes = 102
3.2.5 Layering of feet and tone groups = 103
3.3 Word structure vs. utterance structure = 104
3.4 Remarks on the assignment of word structure = 107
3.4.1 Syllable-formation = 107
3.4.2 Foot-formation = 110
3.4.3 Group-formation = 116
3.4.4 Iteration and cyclicity = 120
3.5 Word-utterance associations = 122
3.6 Dependency within the segment = 125
3.6.1 Preponderance and dependency = 126
3.6.2 Preponderance and prominence = 129
3.6.3 Intrasegmental adjunctions : consonantal = 129
3.6.4 Intrasegmental adjunctions : 'short' diphthongs = 134
3.7 Conclusion = 136
Overview of Part I = 137
PART Ⅱ PHONOLOGICAL GESTURES AND THEIR STRUCTURE = 139
Introduction = 141
Ⅱ.1 Articulation vs. phonation = 142
Ⅱ.2 Phonation vs. initiation = 145
Ⅱ.3 The representation of the segment = 148
4 The categorial gesture: phonation = 151
4.1 The phonatory components = 151
4.1.1 Natural classes in the phonatory sub-gesture = 158
4.1.2 ／ r ／ - lypes = 159
4.1.3 Lateral consonants = 162
4.1.4 Sibilants vs. other fricatives = 164
4.2 Phonological complexity in the phonatory sub-gesture = 166
4.3 Hierarchies in the phonatory sub-gesture = 171
4.4 Lenition processes = 175
4.5 Syllable structure = 177
4.5.1 Strength hierarchies and syllable structure = 177
4.5.2 Distinctive feature hierarchies and syllable structure = 178
4.5.3 Dependency phonology and syllable structure = 180
4.6 Neutralisation and Old English [v] = 182
5 The categorial gesture : initiation = 185
5.1 Glottal stricture = 187
5.1.1 The dependency representation of glottal stricture = 188
5.1.2 Glottal stops = 190
5.2 Voiceless sonorants = 191
5.3 Aspiration = 193
5.4 ｜O｜- languages = 195
5.5 Airstream mechanisms = 199
5.5.1 Pulmonic airstream mechanisms = 200
5.5.2 Glottalic airstream mechanisms = 200
5.5.3 Velaric airstream mechanisms = 203
6 The articulatory gesture = 206
6.1 Vowels : the basic vocalic components = 206
6.1.1 ｜i｜and ｜u｜ = 212
6.1.2 ｜a｜ = 214
6.1.3 Old Norse vowel mutation = 215
6.2 Central vowels = 218
6.3 Back unrounded vowels = 220
6.4 Vowels: a minimal phonemic set = 224
6.5 Place of articulation: feature systems = 228
6.6 Gravity, linguality and apicality = 233
6.6.1 Gravity = 233
6.6.2 Linguality = 235
6.6.3 Apicality = 235
6.7 The dependency representation of place = 236
6.7.1 Apicals and laminals = 238
6.7.2 Dentals and alveolars = 240
6.7.3 Uvulars and pharyngeals = 242
6.7.4 Laterals = 245
6.8 Secondary and double articulation = 246
6.8.1 Secondary articulation = 246
6.8.2 Double articulation = 248
6.9 The oro-nasal sub-gesture = 250
PART Ⅲ OVERVIEW = 253
7 Dimensions of phonological representation = 255
7.1 Intragestural relationships = 255
7.2 Gestures and the segment = 258
7.3 Complex segments and intrasegmental adjunction = 263
7.3.1 Complex segments = 263
7.3.2 Long vowels and diphthongs = 266
7.4 Intergestural relationships = 268
7.5 The tonological gesture = 270
7.6 Associations between gestures and segments = 274
7.7 Afterthoughts on lexical vs. utterance structure = 279
8 Conclusions and consequences = 281
8.1 Structural analogy = 283
8.2 Realisation and neutralisation = 288
8.3 Epilogue on concreteness = 291
References = 297
Index = 307
