CONTENTS
Part Ⅰ. Naive Semantics = 1
1. Naive Semantics = 3
1.1. Using Naive Semantics to Interpret "The Programmer" = 7
1.2. Compositional Semantics = 10
1.3. The Classical Theory of Word Meaning = 12
1.4. Word Meanings as Concepts = 18
1.5. Other Decompositional Approaches = 18
1.6. Computational Approaches to Word Meaning = 23
1.7. Naive Semantics = 28
1.8. Basis of Naive Semantics in Cognitive Psychology = 29
1.9. Comparison of NS with Computational Models = 36
1.10. Limitations of NS = 39
1.11. Organization of the Book = 43
2. Noun Representation = 45
2.1. The Ontological Schema = 45
2.2. Mathematical Properties of the Ontology = 46
2.3. Ontological Categories = 49
2.4. Nominal Terminal Nodes = 52
2.5. Construction of the Ontology = 55
2.6. Other Ontologies = 56
2.7. Generic Knowledge = 58
2.8. Word Senses = 60
2.9. Feature Types = 61
2.10. Conclusion = 62
3. Kinds, Kind Terms and Cognitive Categories = 65
3.1 The Realist Basis of NS and Kind Terms = 65
3.2. Kind Types = 69
3.3. Kind Types as Metasorts = 75
3.4. Another Approach = 76
3.5. Summary = 77
4. Verb Representation = 79
4.1. Ontological Representation = 79
4.2. Placing Verbs in the Main Ontology = 80
4.3. Sub-Classification of the TEMPORAL/RELATIONAL Node = 82
4.4. The Vendler Verb Classification = 83
4.5. Psycholinguistic Categories = 90
4.6. Cross-Classification = 93
4.7. Parallel Ontologies = 94
4.8. Non-Categorial Features = 95
4.9. Generic Representation = 95
4.10. Feature Types Associated with Relational Terms = 98
4.11. Conclusion = 101
5. The Functioning of the Kind Types System = 105
5.1. Complete and Incomplete Knowledge = 107
5.2. Queries to the System = 109
Inspecting the Textual Database = 109
Inspecting the Ontology = 110
Inspecting the Generic Database = 111
Inspecting Feature Types = 113
5.3. Anaphors = 117
5.4. PP Attachment = 118
5.5. Word Sense Disambiguation = 118
5.6. Discourse Reasoning = 119
5.7. Kind Types Reasoning = 120
5.8. Summary of Inference Mechanism = 121
6. Prepositional Phrase Disambiguation = 123
6.1. Semantically Implausible Syntactic Ambiguities = 123
6.2. Using Commonsense Knowledge to Disambiguate = 125
6.3. Commonsense Knowledge used in the Preference Strategy = 128
Ontological Class of Object of the Preposition = 128
Ontological Class of The Direct Object = 129
Ontological Class of Verb = 129
Generic Information = 130
Syntax = 131
6.4. Success Rate of the Preference Strategy = 132
6.5. Implementation = 133
6.6. Other Approaches = 135
6.7. Conclusion = 138
7. Word Sense Disambiguation = 141
7.1. Approaches to Word Sense Disambiguation = 141
7.2. Local Combined Ambiguity Reduction = 142
7.3. Test of Hypothesis = 144
7.4. Noun Disambiguation = 144
Fixed and Frequent Phrases = 145
Syntactic Tests = 146
Commonsense Knowledge = 147
7.5. Verb Sense Disambiguation = 151
Frequent Phrases in Verb Disambiguation = 153
Syntactic Tests in Verb Disambiguation = 153
Commonsense in Verb Disambiguation = 154
7.6. Interaction of Ambiguous Verb and Noun = 155
7.7. Feasibility of the Method = 156
7.8. Syntactic and Lexical Ambiguity = 157
7.9. Intersentential Reasoning = 157
7.10. Disambiguation Rules = 158
7.11. Efficiency and Timing = 164
7.12. Problems for the Method = 166
7.13. Other Approaches = 167
7.14. Conclusion = 169
8. Discourse Coherence = 171
8.1. Background = 171
Coherence Relations = 172
Discourse Segments = 174
Genre-Relativity of Discourse Structure = 175
The Commentary Genre = 177
Compendium of Discourse Relations = 178
8.2. Modularity and Discourse = 184
Modelling the Recipient = 184
Discourse Events = 185
Coherence as Compositional Semantics? = 188
Coherence as Naive Inference = 191
Discourse Cues = 192
Parallelism = 193
Facts Explained by the Parallel, Modular Model = 194
8.3. Syntactic and Semantic Tests for Discourse Relations = 199
Main Clause = 200
Not Nominalized = 200
Active voice = 203
Tense and Aspect = 203
Transitivity Test = 203
Weak Predictions of Coherence Relations = 205
8.4. Parallelism in Coherence Exemplified = 218
Using Commonsense Knowledge to Segment Discourse = 222
Empirical Study of Discourse Hierarchy = 226
8.5. Other Models = 226
8.6. Conclusion = 230
REFERENCES = 233
