CONTENTS
Preface = xxv
Chapter 1 Introduction to Data Communication = 1
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 1
HISTORY OF THE TELECOMMUNICATION INDUSTRY = 2
HISTORY OF DATA COMMUNICATION = 4
The Transistor = 4
The hush-a-Phone Case = 4
Competition for Long-Distance Transmission = 6
The Carterphone Case = 6
Local Area Networks = 6
Data Link Protocols = 7
Microcomputers = 7
The Internet = 8
The Telecommunications Act of 1996 = 8
ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF COMMUNICATION = 8
Message = 9
Sender = 10
Receiver = 10
Medium = 11
Understandability = 11
Error Detection = 11
DATA COMMUNICATION APPLICATIONS = 11
Batch Applications = 12
Data Entry Applications = 12
Distributed Applications = 12
Inquiry／Response Applications = 12
Interactive Applications = 13
Sensor-Based Applications = 13
Combined Applications = 13
REQUIREMENTS OF AN ONLINE SYSTEM = 13
Performance = 14
Consistency = 15
Flexibility = 15
Availability = 15
Reliability = 16
Recovery = 16
Security = 16
INTRODUCTION TO NETWORKS = 17
Computer Networks = 17
Data Communication Applications and Configurations = 18
Company A = 18
Company B = 19
Company C = 20
Company D = 21
System Complexity = 22
Hierarchy of Functions = 24
The Functions of Communication = 25
Functions of OSI Layers = 27
OSI Reference Model Example = 28
THE SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT = 31
Application Programs = 33
Operating System = 33
Data Communication = 33
Database Management System = 34
Transaction Processing = 34
CASE STUDY = 36
SUMMARY = 37
KEY TERMS = 37
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 38
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 38
Chapter 2 Physical Aspects of Data Communication : Media = 41
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 41
CONDUCTED MEDIA = 42
Wires = 42
Private Versus Public Lines = 42
Transmission Speed and Frequency Range = 42
Cable Cost, Gauge, and Types = 43
Switched Connections Versus Leased Lines = 43
Twisted-Pair Wires = 45
Coaxial Cable = 49
Technology = 49
Advantages and Disadvantages = 50
Fiber Optic Cable = 51
Technology = 51
Benefits and Cost = 52
RADIATED MEDIA = 53
Broadcast Radio = 53
Microwave Radio = 54
Technology = 54
Advantages and Disadvantages = 54
Satellite Radio = 55
Technology = 57
Propagation Delay = 57
Satellite Providers = 59
Spread-Spectrum Radio = 59
Infrared Transmission = 60
Radiated Media Frequencies = 60
MEDIA SELECTION CRITERIA = 60
Cost = 61
Speed = 61
Response Time = 61
Aggregate Data Rate = 62
Availability = 62
Expandability = 63
Error Rates = 64
Security = 65
Distance = 65
Environment = 66
Application = 66
Maintenance = 66
SIGNAL REPRESENTATION AND MODULATION = 67
Bit Rates, Baud Rates, and Bandwidth = 67
Digital Versus Analog Representation = 68
Carrier Signals = 69
Amplitude Modulation = 70
Frequency Modulation = 70
Phase Modulation = 71
Modems and Their Capabilities = 72
Cost = 76
Short-Haul Modems = 77
Modem Eliminators = 77
CSU／DSU = 78
Fiber Optic Modems = 78
Switched Digital Lines = 78
CASE STUDY = 79
SUMMARY = 81
KEY TERMS = 81
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 82
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 82
Chapter 3 Physical Aspects of Data Communication : Data Transmission = 85
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 85
DATA FLOW = 82
Simplex Trans mission = 86
Half-Duplex Transmission = 87
Full-Duplex Transmission = 87
DATA CODES = 87
ASCII = 88
EBCDIC = 88
Touch-Tone Telephone = 89
Data Code Size = 91
ERROR SOURCES = 91
Attenuation = 92
Impulse Noise = 92
Crosstalk = 92
Echo = 93
Phase Jitter = 93
Envelope Delay Distortion = 93
White Noise = 93
Impact of Data Errors = 94
PREVENTION = 94
Telephone Line Conditioning = 95
Lower Transmission Speed = 95
Shielding = 95
Line Drivers (Repeaters) = 95
Better Equipment = 96
ERROR DETECTION = 96
Parity Check = 96
Longitudinal Redundancy Check = 97
Cyclic Redundancy Check = 97
Sequence Checks = 99
Message Sequence Numbers = 99
Packet Sequence Numbers = 99
Error Correction Codes = 100
Miscellaneous Error Detection Techniques = 100
Error Correction = 101
DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION = 102
Advantages of Digital Transmission = 102
Digital Voice Using Pulse Code Modulation = 103
INTERFACE = 104
Interface Standards = 105
SUMMARY = 109
KEY TERMS = 109
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 110
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 110
Chapter 4 Common Carrier Services = 113
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 113
THE U.S. TELEPHONE INDUSTRY = 113
Predivestiture Organization = 114
Postdivestiture Network = 114
The Telecommunications Refzorm Act of 1996 = 116
AVAILABLE SERVICES = 117
Switched Lines = 117
Leased Telegraph-Grade Lines = 118
Leased Voice-Grade Lines = 118
Wide Band Transmission = 118
T-n Service = 118
Fractional T-n = 118
Switched Multimegabit Data Service = 119
PACKET DISTRIBUTION NETWORKS = 119
PDNs and the OSI Layers = 120
Current PDN Implementations = 120
Connection Options = 120
Example of a PDN = 122
OTHER SERVICES = 125
Frame Relay = 125
Asynchronous Transfer Mode = 126
WATS = 127
Satellite Service = 127
Integrated Services Digital Networks = 127
PBX and Centrex Services = 129
Mobile Services = 129
Circuit Switched Cellular Radio Telephone = 129
Cellular Digital Packet Data = 130
Mobile Radio Data = 130
Personal Communication Service = 130
Digital Subscriber Lines = 131
Cable Modems = 132
Service Providers = 133
SUMMARY = 133
KEY TERMS = 134
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 134
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 135
Chapter 5 Introduction to Networks = 137
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 137
DEFINITIONS = 138
WAN = 138
MAN = 138
LAN = 138
THE RATIONALE BEHIND NETWORKS = 139
Large Data Transfers = 139
Resource Sharing = 140
Groupware = 140
Communication = 142
Management Control = 143
Cost-Effectiveness = 143
Downsizing = 144
Client／Server Computing : A Network Application Architecture = 144
Advantages of C／S Computing = 148
Disadvantages of C／S Computing = 149
C／S Technology = 150
LAN AND WAN CHARACTERISTICS = 152
ADDED RESPONSIBILITIES OF NETWORKS = 153
NETWORK TERMINOLOGY = 154
Network and Node = 154
Link, Path, and Circuit = 154
Routing = 155
Session and User = 155
Packet Switching, Packet Distribution Network, and Circuit Switching = 155
Store-and-Forward = 155
Network Architecture and Topology = 156
SUMMARY = 156
KEY TERMS = 157
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 157
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 157
Chapter 6 LAN Hardware = 159
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 159
SERVER PLATFORMS = 159
File Services = 160
Application Servers = 162
Server Disk Drives = 163
Server Memory = 164
Processors and Processor Speed = 166
Expansion and Power = 167
System Bus = 167
WORKSTATIONS = 168
Diskless Workstations = 168
Workstation Memory and Speed = 169
BACKUP DEVICES = 169
Floppy Diskette Drives = 169
Hard Disk Drives = 170
Optical Disk Drives = 170
Magnetic Tape Drives = 171
LAN ADAPTERS = 172
PRINTERS = 172
HUBS AND SWITCHES = 173
UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY = 175
ADDITIONAL LAN HARDWARE = 176
MAKING CONNECTIONS = 177
SUMMARY = 179
KEY TERMS = 181
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 181
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 181
Chapter 7 LAN Topologies and Media Access Control = 183
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 183
THE LAN SYSTEM = 184
LAN TOPOLOGIES AND STANDARDS = 184
Bus Topology = 186
Ring Topology = 187
Star Topology = 188
IEEE Project 802 Subcommittees = 190
The ANSI FDDI Standard = 194
DATA LINK AND MAC PROTOCOLS = 196
Data Link Protocols = 197
MAC Protocols = 200
Contention = 200
Token Passing = 202
MAKING THE DECISIONS = 204
Token Passing and CSMA／CD Compared = 204
Topology and Protocol Tradeoffs = 205
SUMMARY = 207
KEY TERMS = 208
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 208
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 208
Chapter 8 LAN System Software = 209
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 209
GENERIC FUNCTIONS OF LAN SYSTEM SOFTWARE = 209
System Software Functions = 211
LAN WORKSTATION SOFTWARE = 213
Workstation Software Interface = 214
Workstation System Software = 214
SPECIFICS OF SERVER SOFTWARE = 215
Server Operating Systems = 215
LAN OS Functions = 216
PRINT SPOOLER = 219
BACKUP SOFTWARE = 221
SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS FOR SHARED USAGE = 222
Hardware Configuration = 222
Application Settings = 223
Contention = 223
Access Security = 226
SOFTWARE LICENSE AGREEMENTS = 227
Single User, Single Workstation = 230
Single User, Multiple Workstaion = 230
Restricted Number of Concurrent Users = 231
Server License = 231
Site License = 231
Corporate License = 231
NOVELL OPERATING SYSTEMS = 232
NetWare 3.x = 233
NetWare 4.x = 235
MICROSOFT'S NETWORK OPERATING SYSTEMS = 239
Window 95 = 239
Window NT Server = 240
BANYAN VINES = 241
INTEROPERABILITY OF SERVER SOFTWARE = 242
CASE STUDY = 242
SUMMARY = 244
KEY TERMS = 246
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 246
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 246
Chapter 9 LAN Considerations = 249
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 249
LAN ALTERNATIVES = 249
LAN Implementation Alternatives = 249
Other Implementations = 250
Comparison of Alternatives = 254
LAN SELECTION CRITERIA = 254
Cost = 255
Number of Workstations = 255
Type of Workstations = 256
Number of Concurrent Users = 256
Type of Use = 256
Number and Type of Printers = 257
Distance and Medium = 257
Speed = 258
Applications = 258
Expandability = 258
Device Connectivity = 259
Connectivity to Other Networks = 259
LAN Software and Hardware = 259
Adherence to Established Standards = 259
Vendor and Support = 260
Manageability = 260
Security = 261
CASE STUDY = 261
SUMMARY = 266
KEY TERMS = 266
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 267
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 267
Chapter 10 WAN Hardware = 269
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 269
TERMINALS = 269
Terminal Types = 270
Terminal Capabilities = 272
Advantages of Dumb, Smart, and Intelligent Terminals = 274
Input and Output = 274
Cost = 275
Speed = 275
Maintenance and Support = 275
Display Attributes = 276
Data Link Protocol = 276
Terminal Configurations = 276
MULTIPLEXERS = 280
How Multiplexers Work = 280
Types of Multiplexers = 281
Multiplexer Configurations = 284
CONCENTRATORS = 285
FRONT-END PROCESSORS = 286
PROTOCOL CONVERTERS = 287
DIAGNOSTIC AND MISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT = 288
Security Hardware = 288
Line Monitors = 289
Breakout Boxes = 290
Auto-Call Units = 291
Port Concentrator = 292
Port Selector or Data Switch = 292
Cluster Controllers = 293
Private Branch Exchanges = 293
Matrix Switches = 294
CASE STUDY = 294
SUMMARY = 298
KEY TERMS = 298
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 299
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 299
Chapter 11 WAN System Topologies and Transmission Services = 301
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 301
WAN TOPOLOGIES = 301
Star Network = 302
Hierarchical Network = 303
Interconnected (Plex) Network = 304
Hybrid Networks = 306
WAN DATA LINK PROTOCOLS = 306
Asynchronous Transmission = 306
Effectiveness of Asynchronous Transmission = 309
Why Asynchronous Transmission Is So Popular = 309
SYNCHRONOUS TRANSMISSION = 310
CHARACTER SYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS = 310
Data Delineation in Synchronous Protocols = 310
Standards for Character Synchronous Protocols = 311
Byte Count Synchronous Protocols = 313
Bit Synchronous Data Link Control = 314
Synchronous Data Link Control = 315
CHOOSING A DATA LINK PROTOCOL = 317
THE OSI NETWORK LAYER = 319
Message Routing = 319
Centralized Routing Determination : The Network Routing Manager = 320
Distributed Routing Determination = 321
Static Routing = 321
Adaptive Routing = 322
Broadcast Routing = 322
THE OSI TRANSPORT LAYER = 323
CASE STUDY = 326
SUMMARY = 337
KEY TERMS = 337
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 338
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 338
Chapter 12 WAN System Software = 341
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 341
THE OSI SESSION LAYER = 341
SOFTWARE OVERVIEW = 342
Application Software = 342
System Software = 342
Operating System = 343
I／O Drivers = 344
Access Methods = 344
Database and File Management Systems = 345
Transaction Control Process = 345
Example of Transaction Flow = 345
ACCESS METHODS = 348
Application-Terminal Connection = 349
Accessing a Terminal = 349
TRANSACTION CONTROL PROCESS = 351
TCP Configuration = 351
Single Threading Versus Multithreading = 351
Maintaining Context = 354
Memory Management = 355
Transaction Routing = 355
Transaction Log = 356
Security and Statistics = 356
Message Priorities = 357
Application Development = 357
Operation Interface = 357
Other TCP Functions = 357
SUMMARY = 358
KEY TERMS = 359
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 359
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 359
Chapter 13 Accessing and Using the Internet = 361
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 361
TERMINOLOGY : AN INTERNET, THE INTERNET, AND INTRANETS = 361
INTERNET HISTORY = 363
GAINING ACCESS TO THE INTERNET = 365
Work = 365
School = 365
Public Services = 365
Freenets = 366
Individual Paid Subscription = 366
Internet Hardware and Software = 366
Choosing a Service Provider = 367
Software and Hardware = 371
GETTING STARTED AS AN ISP = 372
INTERNET SERVICES AND USES = 376
BUSINESS ON THE INTERNET = 379
Internet Businesses = 380
Advantages and Disadvantages of Internet Use for Business = 382
Transaction Requirements = 383
Payment = 383
Security and Verification = 386
Credit Card Security = 386
Digital Cash Transactions = 387
Anonymity = 388
Accountability and Taxability = 388
THE INTERNET STORE = 389
Today's Internet transaction = 390
Consequences of Internet Business = 391
SECURE ENTERPRISE NETWORKS = 392
VIRTUAL PRIVATE NETWORKS = 394
SUMMARY = 395
KEY TERMS = 396
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 396
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 397
Chapter 14 Internet Technology = 399
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 399
INTERNET ADDRESSES = 399
Internet Naming Conventions = 400
Subnet Addressing = 404
INTERNET NODE ADDRESSES = 405
Dynamic Addressing = 405
Internet Addressing on LANs = 406
IP ROUTING = 407
IP Routing Algorithm = 408
OTHER INTERNET SERVICES = 409
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol = 409
Simple Network Management Protocol = 409
Telnet = 409
File Transfer Protocol = 411
Archie = 411
Gopher, Veronica, Jughead, and WAIS = 411
Search Engines = 411
INTERNET TOOLS = 411
Finger = 412
Ping = 412
Tracert = 412
Talk and Internet Relay Chat = 412
WHOIS Database = 413
Web Page Design Tools = 413
IPng or IPv6 = 413
Key Upgrades in IPv6 = 414
THE INFORMATION SUPERHIGHWAY = 416
Building the Information Superhighway = 417
Information Superhighway Uses = 418
Social Implications = 419
SUMMARY = 420
KEY TERMS = 420
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 421
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 421
Chapter 15 WAN Implementations = 423
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 423
VENDOR WANS = 423
IBM'S SYSTEMS NETWORK ARCHITECTURE = 424
Why SNA? = 424
SNA Layers = 424
Logical Units and Sessions = 425
Systems Services Control Point = 428
Addressing = 429
Communication Between Users = 430
Additional SNA Elements and Capabilities = 430
Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking = 431
INTERNATIONAL NETWORKS = 432
Politics = 433
Security = 433
Regulations = 433
Hardware = 434
Language = 434
Other Issues = 435
CASE STUDY = 436
SUMMARY = 440
KEY TERMS = 441
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 441
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 441
Chapter 16 Network Interconnections = 443
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 443
THE OSI REFERENCE MODEL REVISITED = 444
LAN-TO-LAN AND WAN-TO-WAN CONNECTIONS = 450
Repeaters = 452
Bridges = 453
The Spanning Tree Algorithm = 457
Source Routing = 459
Other Bridge Capabilities = 460
Routers = 460
TCP／IP = 461
ISO Routing Standards = 464
Gateways = 464
Which Interface Is Right for You? = 465
LAN-TO-HOST CONNECTIONS = 465
The Host as a LAN Node = 468
Asynchronous Connections = 468
Other Types of Host Connections = 472
IBM System Connections = 472
INTERCONNECTION UTILITIES = 472
SUMMARY = 473
KEY TERMS = 475
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 475
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 476
Chapter 17 Network Management Objectives = 477
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 477
HISTORY OF NETWORK MANAGEMENT = 477
NETWORK MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES = 478
Supporting System Users = 478
Measures of System Effectiveness = 479
Cost-Effectiveness = 485
MEETING THE OBJECTIVES = 486
Competent Staff = 487
Design and Configuration = 487
Ergonomics = 488
Diagnosis = 488
Planning = 489
Documentation, Standards, and Procedures = 489
NETWORK MANAGEMENT ORGANIZATION = 489
Control = 490
Problem-Reporting Procedure = 491
Additional Control Center Responsibilities = 492
LAN VERSUS WAN MANAGEMENT = 492
LAN Management Tasks = 495
WAN Management Tasks = 501
SUMMARY = 504
KEY TERMS = 504
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 504
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 505
Chapter 18 Network Management Systems = 507
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 507
NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM SOFTWARE = 507
A Generic Network Management System = 508
NETWORK MANAGEMENT PROTOCOLS = 512
Simple Network Management Protocol = 512
Common Management Information Protocol = 514
IBM'S NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM = 515
Netview = 515
Netview／PC = 515
Netview／6000 = 516
Netview Architecture = 516
NOVELL'S NETWORK MANAGEMENT SYSTEM = 516
NETWORK MANAGEMENT TOOLS = 517
Diagnostic Tools = 518
Monitoring Tools = 519
Management Tools = 521
SUMMARY = 522
KEY TERMS = 522
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 523
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 523
Chapter 19 Security, Recovery, and Network Applications = 525
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 525
THE PRESENTATION LAYER = 526
THE APPLICATION LAYER = 526
SECURITY = 526
Security Policy = 526
Vendor-Provided Security = 527
Physical Security = 527
Encryption = 529
User Identification and Authentication = 531
Ultrasensitive Applications = 532
Switched Ports with Dial-In Access = 534
Recognizing Unauthorized Access Attempts = 534
Automatic Logoff = 535
Transaction Logs = 535
Computer Viruses, Worms, and Trojan Horses = 535
ERROR DETECTION AND RECOVERY = 537
Message Logging = 537
Database-System Consistency = 538
Message Processing = 538
Recovery After Safe Storing = 539
TRANSACTION DESIGN = 540
Review of Transaction Activities = 541
Grouping Activities into a Single Transaction = 541
Advantages and Disadvantages of Single Versus Multiple Transaction = 542
WORKGROUP SOFTWARE = 544
Mail Administration = 544
E-Mail Interchange Standard X.400 = 545
The ITU X.500 Standard = 546
Electronic Conferencing Applications = 547
Work-Flow Automation = 547
Document Coauthoring and Document Management = 549
Group Decision Support = 550
Time-Staged Delivery Systems = 550
SUMMARY = 551
KEY TERMS = 552
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 552
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 553
Chapter 20 Distributed Systems = 555
CHAPTER OBJECTIVES = 555
DISTRIBUTED SYSTEM DEFINITIONS = 555
EVOLUTION OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS = 557
Duplicated Databases and Inconsistent Data = 557
Centralization = 557
Disadvantages of Centralization = 559
Networked Systems = 559
DISTRIBUTED FILE SYSTEMS = 560
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS = 561
Advantages = 561
Disadvantages = 562
Determining Participating Nodes = 562
Routing, Transmission, and Processing = 563
DATABASE MANAGEMENT IN DISTRIBUTED SYSTEMS = 565
Rules for a Distributed Database = 565
SUMMARY = 567
KEY TERMS = 568
REVIEW QUESTIONS = 568
PROBLEMS AND EXERCISES = 568
APPENDIX A = 569
APPENDIX B = 573
GLOSSARY = 577
INDEX = 609
