CONTENTS
List of illustrations = ⅸ
Preface = xi
Acknowledgments = xvii
1 Introduction = 1
1.1 Communal languages as ensembles of I-languages = 1
1.2 Pidgins, creoles, and koin e ´ s = 3
1.3 Language evolution = 10
1.4 Thinking of a language as a species = 13
1.5 What is the ecology of language? = 20
2 The Founder Principle in the development of creoles = 25
2.1 Introduction = 27
2.2 The development of creoles : what the histories of individual colonies suggest = 33
2.3 Evidence for the Founder Principle = 62
2.4 Conclusions = 75
3 The development of American Englishes : factoring contact in and the social bias out = 81
3.1 Introduction = 81
3.2 Why are WAEVs (White Americal English Vernaculars) not creoles? = 83
3.3 The development of AAE (African-American English) = 86
3.4 The development of WAEVs : a creole perspective = 98
3.5 Conclusions = 103
4 The legitimate and illegitimate offspring of English = 106
4.1 Introduction = 107
4.2 An insidious naming tradition = 108
4.3 How language contact has been downplayed = 109
4.4 The development of English in England : when does substrate influence matter? = 112
4.5 The significance of ethnographic ecology = 115
4.6 Mutual intelligibility and the contact history of English = 118
4.7 The cost of capitalizing on mutual intelligibility = 122
4.8 In conclusion = 123
5 What research on the development of creoles can contribute to genetic linguistics = 126
5.1 Preliminaries = 127
5.2 Some noteworthy facts on the development of creoles = 130
5.3 Ecology and linguistic evolution = 136
5.4 "Creolization" as a social process = 138
5.5 The role of contact in the histories of English and French = 139
5.6 Language as a species : whence the significance of variation = 141
5.7 Some conclusions = 142
6 Language contact, evolution, and death : how ecology rolls the dice = 145
6.1 Introduction = 145
6.2 Language as a species = 148
6.3 The ecology of language = 153
6.4 In conclusion, how history repeats itself = 163
7 Past and recent population movements in Africa : their impact on its linguistic landscape = 167
7.1 Preliminaries = 167
7.2 The linguistic impact of European colonization = 170
7.3 Population movements and language contacts in precolonial Africa = 180
7.4 The linguistic consequences of Black populations' precolonial dispersal = 184
7.5 Conclusions : the differentiating role of ecology = 189
8 Conclusions : the big picture = 192
8.1 From the development of creoles to language evolution from a population genetics perspective = 192
8.2 Language vitality and endangerment as aspects of language evolution = 199
8.3 Integration and segregation as key ecological factors in language evolution = 200
8.4 Colonization styles and language evolution = 204
8.5 Overall... = 207
Notes = 208
References = 226
Author index = 246
Subject index = 249
