CONTENTS
PART Ⅰ KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS IN JAPAN
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY = 2
1. INTRODUCTION / Robert S. Engelmore ; Edward Feigenbaum = 6
Expert Systems and Artificial Intelligence = 6
The Building Blocks of Expert Systems = 7
Knowledge Engineering = 9
Tools, Shells, and Skeletons = 10
Bricks and Mortar = 10
The Applications of Expert Systems = 11
Diagnosis and Tourbleshooting of Devices and Systems of All Kinds = 11
Planning and Scheduling = 11
Configuration of Manufactured Objects from Subassemblies = 12
Financial Decision Making = 12
Knowledge Publishing = 12
Process Monitoring and Control = 12
Design and Manufacturing = 13
Benefits to End Users = 13
The Expert Systems Business = 13
Current Business Trends = 14
Advanced Research in Knowledge-Based Systems : Inventing the Next Generation = 14
Knowledge Representation = 15
Knowledge Use = 15
Knowledge Acquisition = 15
Other Areas of Investigation = 15
Design of the JTEC Study Group on Knowledge-Based Systems and the Selection of Japanese Sites = 16
2. APPLICATIONS OF KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS IN JAPAN / Edward Feigenbaum ; Peter E. Friedland ; Bruce B. Johnson ; Howard Shrobe = 18
Introduction = 18
Trends in AI Applications in Japan = 19
Case Studies of High-Impact Systems = 22
Case 1 : Modular House Configuration(sekisui Heim) = 22
Case 2 : Aircraft Crew Scheduling(JAL) = 27
Case 3 : Blast Furnace Control(NKK) = 31
Types of Applications = 34
Diagnosis and Troubleshooting = 34
Planning and Scheduling = 36
Configuration of Manufactured Objects from subassemblies = 37
Process Monitoring and Control = 37
Software Engineering = 38
Company-Specific Applications = 39
Fujitsu = 39
Hitachi = 40
NEC = 44
NTT = 44
Nippon Steel = 45
NKK = 46
Mitsubishi Electric = 47
Tokyo Electric Power Company(TEPCO) = 48
Obayashi Corporation = 49
Observations and Conclusions = 50
3. TOOLS AND INFRASTRUCTURE FOR KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS / H. Penny Nii = 51
Introduction = 51
Expert systems Building Tools : Definitions = 51
ES Building Tools on the Market = 53
Market Trends = 56
Novel Features : Fuzzy Logic and Neural Networks = 60
Profile of a Tool : ES／KERNEL2 = 61
Profile of a Tool Vendor : Hitachi = 64
Infrastructure : Industrial Research and Technology Transfer = 65
Toshiba Corporation Profile = 65
Infrastructure for Technology Transfer = 67
Observation and Conclusions = 68
4. ADVANCED KNOWLEDGE-BASED SYSTEMS RESEARCH / Edward Feigenbaum ; Peter E. Friedland = 70
University Research = 70
Kyoto University = 71
Osaka University = 72
RCAST(University of Tokyo) = 73
AIST, Nara and JAIST, Hokuriku = 75
Industrial Research = 76
NEC = 76
Fujitsu = 77
NTT = 77
5. NATIONAL AI RESEARCH PROJECTS / Edward Feigenbaum ; Peter E. Friedland ; Howard Shrobe = 78
Introduction = 78
Electronic Dictionary Research(EDR) Project = 78
History and Goals = 78
Accomplishments = 79
Evaluation = 84
Next Steps : The Knowledge Archives Projcet = 86
ICOT = 90
History and Goals = 90
Accomplishment-Hardware = 93
Accomplishment-Software = 100
KLI Development = 103
Evaluation = 104
Fuzzy Logic Research and Life = 107
History and Goals = 107
About Fuzzy Logic = 108
Current and Future Activities = 109
Real World Computing (RWC) Project = 109
6. INTEGRATION OF ES WITH CONVENTIONAL DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS / Bruce B. Johnson = 111
Introduction = 111
Integration with Physical Systems = 111
Integration of Problem-Solving Techniques = 113
Future Visions = 113
Analysis = 114
Tool Investment = 114
Access to Products = 114
Artificial Barriers = 114
7. BUSINESS PERSPECTIVE / Herbert Schorr = 115
History and Trends = 115
Business Advantages of KBS Technology = 116
Business Impact on the Japanese Computer Manufacturers(JCMs) = 117
Observations on Business and Technology = 118
Business Impact on Non-JCM Companies = 119
Comparison with Conventional Data Processing = 121
Problems with Current Generation KBS Technology = 123
Knowledge Acquisition = 123
Knowledge Maintenance = 123
Lack of Transferability = 123
Little Reuse of Knowledge = 123
No Case Methodology = 124
Expected Programmer Productivity = 124
High Cost of Producing User Interface = 124
Poor Performance = 124
Programmer Education = 124
Are Knowledge-Based Systems a Business? = 124
Conclusions = 125
8. CONCLUSIONS / Edward Feigenbaum = 127
Business Sector Applications of Expert Systems in Japan = 127
Knowledge-Based Systems Research in Japan = 129
ICOT Research Program Progress = 130
EDR Program Progress = 130
APPENDICES = 132
Appendix A : Professional Experience of Panel Members = 132
Appendix B : Professional Experience of Other Team Members = 135
Appendix C : Questionnaire = 137
Industrial Applications = 137
Advance Knowledge-Based Systems Research = 140
ICOT = 141
Electronic Dictionary Research Project = 142
Real World Computing Program = 143
Appendix D : Sites Visited by JTEC Team = 144
Universities = 144
National Projects = 144
Companies = 144
Publications = 144
Appendix E : Site Reports = 145
Fujitsu Laboratories Ltd. = 145
Hitachi Systems Development Laboratory, Ltd. = 149
Japan Air Lines = 153
Mitsubishi Electirc Corporation(MELCO) = 156
NEC R&D Center = 160
Nippon Steel Corporation = 165
NKK Kawasaki Facility = 170
NTT Yokosuka Laboratories = 175
Obayashi Corporation = 179
Sekisui Chemical = 182
Tokyo Electric Power Company(TEPCO) = 186
Toshiba Corporation = 191
Other Sites Visited = 197
Appendix F : Bibliography = 198
Appendix G : Glossary = 202
PART Ⅱ. DATABASE USE AND TECHNOLOGY IN JAPAN
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY = 204
1. INTRODUCTION = 210
1.1 Coverage = 210
1.2 Motivation = 210
1.3 Overview = 210
2. DATABASE RESEARCH INFRASTRUCTURE = 212
2.1 Role of the Japanese Government in Database Activities = 212
2.1.1 The Japanese Government's Structure and Use of Database = 212
2.1.2 MITI = 214
2.1.3 Science and Technology Agency = 215
2.1.4 MONBUSHO = 216
2.2 Funding Sources = 218
2.3 International Collaboration = 218
2.4 U.S. Influence and Faddism = 218
2.5 Conclusions = 218
3. TECHNOLOGY TOPICS = 219
3.1 Object Databases = 219
3.1.1 What is an Object Database? = 219
3.1.2 Industrial Projects in Object Database Systems = 221
3.1.3 Multimedia Database = 223
3.1.4 University Projects = 223
3.1.5 Obase Consortium = 224
3.1.6 Summary = 225
3.2 Knowledge Bases = 226
3.2.1 Past Research = 226
3.2.2 Current Research = 226
3.3 Multimedia Database Systems = 227
3.3.1 Background = 227
3.3.2 Technology Drivers = 228
3.3.3 Technology Survey = 230
3.3.4 Character Recognition = 232
3.3.5 Conclusions = 234
3.4 Interoperabel Databases = 236
3.4.1 Current State = 236
3.4.2 Interoperability and Standards = 236
3.4.3 Conclusion = 237
3.5 Database Hardware = 238
3.5.1 Research and Development = 238
3.5.2 Special Purpose VLSI Components = 239
3.5.3 Vector Processors = 239
3.5.4 Intelligent Disks and Accelerator = 240
3.5.5 Parallel Processing = 240
3.5.6 Pipelined Operations = 241
3.5.7 Jukebox = 241
3.5.8 Conclusion = 241
3.6 Security = 243
3.7 Database Tools = 244
3.8 Database Management Systems(DBMSs) = 245
3.8.1 Database Management Systems of Japanese Origin = 245
3.8.2 Other DBMSs Mentioned in this Report = 246
3.8.3 Adaptation to the Japanese Market = 246
3.9 Summary = 247
4. DBMS PRODUCT INFRASTRUCTURE = 248
4.1 DBMS Technology Channels = 248
4.2 DBMS Market Drivers = 249
4.3 Japanese Positioning = 249
4.3.1 Japanese OTS Database Products = 249
4.3.2 The OEM Channel in Japan = 249
4.3.3 System Integration = 250
4.4 The Japanese Response to the Global Database Market = 250
4.5 Observations = 251
5. DATABASE USE INDUSTRY = 252
5.1 Database Search Services = 252
5.1.1 Points of Comparison = 252
5.2 Databases as Export Products = 255
5.3 Database Technology = 260
5.4 Summary Assessment = 261
6. Summary = 263
6.1 Multimedia Databases = 263
6.2 Government and Database Research and Development = 263
APPENDICES = 265
Participants' Biographies = 265
Sites Visited and Contacts = 269
Trip Reports = 274
BIBLIOGRAPHY = 311
PART Ⅲ. MACHINE TRANSLATION IN JAPAN
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY = 336
1. INTRODUCTION : MACHINE TRANSLATION IN JAPAN AND THE U.S. / Jaime Carbonell = 338
1.1 The State of the Art in Machine Translation = 338
1.2 The Role of Machine Translation = 338
1.3 An Historical Sketch of Machine Translation = 339
1.4 The Japanese View of Machine Translation = 342
1.5 A Comparative Analysis of Japanese and U.S. Machine Translation = 343
1.6 Paradigms for Machine Translation = 350
1.7 Structure of the Report = 353
2. TECHNICAL INFRASTRUCTURE / David Johnson = 354
2.1 Overview of the Translation Process = 354
2.2 Translation Stages of the Linguistic Processor = 356
2.3 Analysis = 358
2.4 Transfer = 362
2.5 Generation = 369
3. LANGUAGES AND APPLICATION DOMAINS / Muriel Vasconcellos = 371
3.1 Current Range of Source and Target Languages = 371
3.2 Addition of New Source and Target Languages = 374
3.3 Application Domains, Domain Adaptability = 375
4. KNOWLEDGE SOURCES FOR MACHINE TRANSLATION / Yorick Wilks = 377
4.1 Overview of Knowledge Sources = 377
4.2 Use of Knowledge Sources in Specific Japanese MT Systems = 378
4.3 Knowledge Sources and Linguistic Theory = 379
4.4 Lexicon Samples = 382
5. LIFE CYCLE OF MACHINE TRANSLATION SYSTEMS / Masaru Tomita = 389
5.1 Research Prototype = 389
5.2 Operational Prototype = 390
5.3 Practical System(Special-Purpose) = 391
5.4 Commercial System(General-Purpose) = 392
5.5 Ongoing Use = 393
6. THE USES OF MACHINE TRANSLATION IN JAPAN / Muriel Vasconcellos = 394
6.1 Introduction = 394
6.1.1 Modalities of Implementation = 394
6.1.2 Translation for Assimilation : Domains and Applications = 397
6.1.3 Translation for Dissemination : Domains and Applications = 398
6.2 User Sites Visited = 399
6.2.1 CSK = 400
6.2.2 DEC = 400
6.2.3 IBM = 401
6.2.4 IBS = 401
6.2.5 Inter Group = 402
6.2.6 JICST = 403
6.2.7 NHK = 404
6.3 MT Users : The Vendor Perspective = 406
6.4 The Broader Outlook = 408
7. ACCEPTANCE OF MT : QUALITY AND PRODUCTIVITY / Muriel Vasconcellos ; Elaine Rich = 409
7.1 Productivity and Cost = 409
7.2 Translation Quality = 410
7.3 Throughput = 413
7.4 Customization = 414
7.5 Integration = 416
7.6 Open Systems and Software Portability = 416
8. MT CONTRASTS BETWEEN THE U.S. AND EUROPE / Yorick Wilks = 417
8.1 Major MT Centers and Systems in the U.S. = 419
8.2 Influences Among MT Groups = 421
8.3 Current European Systems = 422
9. RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT / Elanic Rich = 425
9.1 Interlingua-Based Translation = 426
9.2 Example-Based Translation = 428
9.3 Transfer-Driven Translation = 430
9.4 Grammars = 431
9.4.1 Constraint Dependency Grammars = 431
9.4.2 Alternative Grammatical Frameworks = 432
9.5 Generation = 433
9.6 Dictionaries = 434
9.7 Discourse-Level Issues = 436
9.8 Better Tools for Users = 437
9.9 Extension to Other Languages = 438
9.10 Speech-to Speech Translation = 439
9.11 Embedded MT Systems = 442
9.12 Massively Parallel Hardware = 442
9.13 The Future = 443
10. FUTURE DIRECTIONS IN MACHINE TRANSLATION / Elaine Rich = 444
11. REFERENCES = 446
APPENDIX Ⅰ : JAPANESE SITES IN PART Ⅲ REPORT = 454
APPENDIX Ⅱ : BIOGRAPHIES OF PANEL MEMBERS = 459
APPENDIX Ⅲ : ABBREVIATIONS USED IN PART Ⅲ = 462
PART Ⅳ. ADVANCED COMPUTING IN JAPAN
1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY / Michael A. Harrison = 464
The Technical Bottom Line = 464
2. COMPUTING IN JAPAN / Michael A. Harrison = 467
2.1 Organization = 467
2.2 Preview of the Report = 468
Electronic Components = 468
Data Storage = 470
Computer Architecture = 472
Software = 473
Multimedia, Computer and Human Interfaces = 474
Supercomputers = 474
Technical Summary = 476
2.3 Science and Technology = 477
2.4 Advice for Future Panels = 482
2.5 Acknowledgements = 483
3. ELECTRONIC COMPONENTS, CHIPS AND PACKAGING / James D. Meindl = 485
3.1 Introduction = 485
3.2 Discussion = 486
3.2.1 Silicon Memory Chips = 486
3.2.2 Silicon Logic and Microprocessor Chips = 494
3.2.3 Gallium Arsenide Chips = 500
3.2.4 Chip Packaging = 504
3.3 Summary = 508
3.4 Projections for the Future = 510
4. DATA STORAGE / Robert M. White = 512
4.1 Introduction = 512
4.2 Disk Drive Technology = 516
4.3 Recording in Japan = 520
4.4 Overview = 528
5. COMPUTER ARCHITECTURE / Daniel P. Siewior다 = 532
5.1 Overview = 532
5.2 Response to Questions = 546
5.3 Interactions Between Japanese and Foreign Researchers = 548
5.4 Computing Environment in Japan = 548
5.5 Detailed Observations = 549
5.6 Observations, Impressions, and Scenarios = 552
5.6.1 Compartmentalization of Knowledge = 552
5.6.2 Critical Mass = 555
5.6.3 Scenarios = 555
5.7 A Survey of Computer Architectures = 556
5.7.1 Research Trends = 558
6. PROGRESS IN SOFTWARE AND SOFTWARE ENGINEERING / James H. Morris = 561
6.1 Introduction = 561
6.2 The Computer Business = 562
6.3 The Life of a Software Professional = 563
6.4 Tools = 564
6.5 Methodology = 565
6.6 Measured Performance = 566
6.7 Speculations = 567
6.8 Operating Systems = 568
6.9 Programming Languages = 579
6.10 General Attitudes = 579
6.11 Recommended Further Studies = 570
7. MULTIMEDIA AND HUMAN INTERFACES / Micahel A. Harrison ; James H. Morris = 571
7.1 Introduction = 571
7.2 Japanese Industrial Work = 573
7.3 Japanese Government Projects = 576
7.4 Conclusions = 579
8. TRON / Michael A. Harriosn = 580
8.1 Introduction = 580
8.2 TRON and Trade Friction = 582
8.3 Summary = 585
9. ADVANCED SCIENTIFIC COMPUTING IN JAPAN / Edward F. Hayes = 586
9.1 Introduction = 586
9.2 Overview of Academic Supercomputer Centers = 589
9.3 Networking in Japan = 592
9.4 Institute for Molecular Sciences = 596
9.5 University of Tokyo Computing Center = 598
9.6 Protein Engineering Research Institute = 600
9.7 Institute of Computational Fluid Dynamics = 603
9.8 Comparisons Between U.S. and Japan = 604
APPENDIX A : PERSONNEL AND AGENDAS = 609
A.1 Biographical Sketches = 609
A.1.1 Michael A. Harrison = 609
A.1.2 Edward F. Hayes = 610
A.1.3 James D. Meindl = 610
A.1.4 James H. Morris = 611
A.1.5 Daniel P. Siewiorek = 611
A.1.6 Robert White = 612
A.2 Itinerary of JTEC Panel in Japan = 613
A.3 Agenda of Kickoff Meeting, July 11, 1989 = 614
A.4 Agenda of Oral Report Meeting, December 8, 1989 = 615
APPENDIX B : TRIP REPORT / R. D. Shelton = 616
B.1 Introduction = 616
B.2 Monday, November 6 = 616
B.3 Tuesday, November 7 = 618
B.4 Wednesday, November 8 = 619
B.5 Thursday, November 9 = 621
B.6 Friday, November 10 = 622
B.7 A Computer Architecture Survey = 627
Instruction Sets = 627
Parallel Processing = 627
Pipelining, Multiple Function Units, Vector Processing = 628
Special Purpose Architectures = 629
Influence of Software on Hardware = 629
Systems Issues = 629
BIBLIOGRAPHY = 631
