CONTENTS
PART Ⅰ. WHAT IS ORGANIZATION THEORY? = 1
1. Why Study Organization Theory? = 3
Multiple Perspectives = 7
Theory and Concepts = 9
Theory = 9
Concepts and the Process of Abstraction = 10
Plan of the Book = 12
Examples and How to Use Them = 14
A Conceptual Model of Organization as a Starting Point = 14
Summary = 16
Key Terms = 17
Endnotes = 17
References = 18
Further Reading = 18
2. Histories, Metaphors, and Perspectives in Organization Theory = 21
The Times They are a Changin'... = 22
Three Phases of Industrialism = 22
Post-Industrialism and the Post-Industrial Organization = 24
Classical Influences on Organization Theory = 27
Adam Smith, Political-Economist (Scottish) = 28
Karl Marx, Philosopher-Economist (German) = 28
Emile Durkheim, Sociologist (French) = 30
Frederick Winslow Taylor, Founder of Scientific Management (American) = 30
Henri Fayol, Engineer, CEO, and Administrative Theorist (French) = 31
Max Weber, Sociologist (German) = 32
Chester Barnard, Management Theorist (American) = 33
Contemporary Influences on Organization Theory = 34
Modernist : General Systems Theory = 34
Symbolic-Interpretive : Enactment and the Social Construction of Reality = 41
Postmodernism in Organization Theory = 43
Epistemological Differences among the Perspectives = 47
The Metaphors of Organization Theory = 51
The Machine Metaphor : Organizations as Tools of Management = 52
The Organic Metaphor : Organizations as Living Systems = 53
The Culture Metaphor : Organizations as Cultures = 54
A Postmodern Metaphor : Collage as a Metaphor for Organization Theory = 54
Limitations of Metaphoric Understanding = 55
Summary = 56
Key Terms = 57
Endnotes = 57
References = 58
Further Reading = 59
PART Ⅱ. CORE CONCEPTS OF ORGANIZATION THEORY = 61
3. The Environment of Organization = 63
Defining the Organizational Environment = 64
The Interorganizational Network = 65
The General Environment = 67
International and Global Environment = 72
Environment : The Big Picture = 73
Theories of Organization - Environment Relations = 76
Contingency Theory : Mechanistic and Organic Organizations = 76
Resource Dependence Theory = 78
Population Ecology = 81
Institutional Theory = 83
Comparing Theories of Organization - Environment Relations = 86
Complexity Change, Uncertainty = 88
Buffering and Boundary Spanning = 91
Enactment and the Social Constructionist View of Environments = 93
Postmodernism and Organization - Environment Relations = 94
Summary : How to Analyze an Organizational Environment = 96
Key Terms = 98
Endnotes = 98
References = 99
Further Reading = 100
4. Strategy and Goals = 101
Strategic Fit = 102
The Strategy Process as Rational Decision Making = 105
Analysis = 105
Formulation = 108
Implementation = 110
Challenges to the Rational Model = 110
Emergent Strategies = 113
Strategy as Symbolic Action = 114
Three Alternative Perspectives on Strategy = 115
Uncertainty and the Strategy Process = 116
A Postmodern Postscript = 119
Goals = 119
Official vs. Operative Goals = 120
Multiple and Conflicting Goals = 121
Summary = 123
Key Terms = l24
Endnotes = 125
References = 125
Further Reading = 126
5. Technology = 127
Defining Technology = 127
A Dynamic View of Technology = 129
Core Technology = 131
High Technology = 132
Service versus Manufacturing Technologies = 132
Types of Technology = 134
Woodward's Typology = 134
Thompson's Typology = 138
Perrow's Typology = 140
Using the Three Typologies = 142
Technology and Social Structure = 143
The Technological Imperative = 144
Technical Complexity, Uncertainty and Routineness = 144
Task Interdependence and Mechanisms of Coordination = 147
Technology and Information Processing = 151
The Social Construction of Technology = 151
Understanding New Technologies = 154
Properties of New Technologies = 154
Postmodernism and New Technology = 156
Summary = 157
Key Terms = 158
Endnotes = 159
References = 159
Further Reading = 160
6. Organizational Social Structure = 161
Social Structure as Differentiation and Integration = 162
What is an Organizational Social Structure? = 164
Hierarchy of Authority = 164
Division Of Labor = 165
Coordination Mechanisms = 166
Dimensions of Organizational Social Structure = 167
Mechanistic, Organic, and Bureaucratic Organizations = 169
Bureaucracy = 170
Dynamic Models of Social Structure = 173
The Organizational Lifecycle = 173
An Open Systems Model of the Development of Social Structures = 177
Structuration Theory = 180
Describing, Analyzing, and Designing the Organizational Social Structure = 181
Simple Structure = 183
Functional Structure = 183
Multi-Divisional Structure = 184
Matrix Structure = 187
Hybrid Structure = 190
Network Structure = 191
Structural Design and Organizational Logic = 192
Multinationals and Global Organizations = 193
Summary = 196
Key Terms = 197
Endnotes = 198
References = 198
Further Reading = 199
7. Organizational Culture = 200
What is Organizational Culture? = 202
National Culture Differences within Organizations = 206
Schein's Model of Organizational Culture = 210
Beliefs and Assumptions = 210
Norms and Values = 214
Artifacts = 216
How Culture Works = 217
Symbolic-Interpretive Organizational Culture Theory = 217
Symbols = 219
Interpretation = 220
Ethnography : How to Make Cultural Studies of Organizations = 221
An Example of Cultural Analysis = 223
Organizational Subcultures = 225
Types of Subcultures = 228
Why are there Subcultures? = 228
Culture as Fragmentation : A Postmodern View = 229
Culture in the Modernist Perspective = 231
Managing Culture = 234
Summary = 235
Key Terms = 236
Endnotes = 237
References = 237
Further Reading = 239
8. The Physical Structure of Organizations = 241
Defining Physical Structure = 243
Organizational Geography = 246
Layout = 248
Design and Decor = 250
Two Approaches to Physical Structure in Organizations : Behavior and Symbolism = 250
The Behavioral or Modernist Approach = 251
The Symbolic Approach = 252
Physical Structure and the Formation of Identity = 255
Status and Individual Identity = 255
Territorial Boundaries and Group Identity = 256
Corporate Image and Organizational Identity = 257
Postmodernism and Physical Structures = 258
Summary = 261
Key Terms = 263
Endnotes = 264
References = 264
Further Reading = 266
PART Ⅲ. KEY ISSUES AND THEMES IN ORGANIZATION THEORY = 267
9. Organizational Decision Making, Power, and Politics = 269
Organizational Decision Making = 270
Bounded Rationality = 272
The Rational Decision-Making Process = 275
The Trial-and-Error Decision-Making Process = 276
The Coalitional Model = 277
The Garbage Can Model = 278
A Dynamic View of Organizational Decision Making = 279
The Irrationality of Organizational Decision Making = 280
Power and Politics = 282
Defining Power = 282
Power and Authority = 283
Symbols of Power and Authority = 285
Political Theories of Organization = 285
Strategic Contingencies Theory = 287
Resource Dependence Theory = 288
The Hidden Face of Organizational Power = 290
The Feminist Critique of Power in Organizations and Other Critical Views = 291
The Politics of Gender in Organizations = 293
Summary = 295
Key Terms = 296
Endnotes = 296
References = 297
Further Reading = 298
10. Conflict and Contradiction in Organizations = 300
A History of Attitudes Toward Conflict = 302
Conflict as Dysfunctional = 302
Conflict as Natural = 303
Conflict as Functional = 304
A Contingency Model of Conflict = 304
The Intertunit Conflict Model = 308
Local Conditions for Interunit Conflict = 309
Environment and Organization as Contexts for Interunit Conflict = 313
Using the Interunit Conflict Model = 315
Marxist Theories of Organizational Conflict = 315
The Deskilling Hypothesis = 317
Stratification Theory and Labor Market Analysis = 318
Organizational Diversity = 319
Organizational Contradictions = 320
Summary = 323
Key Terms = 324
Endnotes = 324
References = 324
Further Reading = 326
11. Control and Ideology in Organizations = 327
Modernist Theories of Control = 327
Performance Evaluation and Feedback - The Cybernetic Model of Control = 328
Agency Theory : Contracts, Rewards, and Uncertainty = 334
Markets, Bureaucracies, and Clans = 337
Control, Power, and Ideology in Organizations = 342
A Symbolic-Interpretive View of Culture as Control = 342
Marxist Readings of Control = 342
Ideological Control or the Ideology of Control = 344
Summary = 347
Key Terms = 347
Endnotes = 348
References = 348
Further Reading = 349
12. Organizational Change and Learning = 350
Lewin's Model : Unfreezing, Change, Refreezing = 353
The Big Three Model of Change = 356
Cultural Change in Organizations = 358
Culture and Strategy = 359
The Dynamics of Organizational Culture = 362
Organizational Change and the Postmodern Perspective = 366
Discourse = 368
Organizational Learning = 369
Single-and Double-Loop Learning in Organizations = 371
Autopoiesis : The Self-Reproduction and Self-Reference of Systems = 373
Knowledge, Language, Discourse, Reflexivity = 374
Summary = 375
Key Terms = 376
Endnotes = 377
References = 377
Further Reading = 379
