CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction
The Physiology of Reacting = 1
Ancient Readers and Unseparated Texts = 6
Ancient Scriptura Continua = 9
Word Separation and Word Order = 14
Chapter 2 The Nomenclature of Word Separation = 18
Word Separation and Paleographic Studies = 18
Separated Script : An Overview = 26
Linguistic Implications of Separation = 30
Aerated Script = 32
Canonical Separation = 44
Chapter 3 Complements to Word Separation by Space = 52
Medieval Signs for Word Separation = 53
Medieval Signs for Word Unity = 65
Construction Notes = 70
Punctuation = 71
Musical Notation = 74
Nota Signs and Tic Notes = 75
Indications of Page Locus = 77
R e ´ sum e ´ Notes and Schematic Diagrams = 79
Post-Factum Emendation = 79
Chapter 4 Insular Culture and Word Separation in the Seventh and Eighth Centuries = 83
The Grammarians of Separation = 83
New Genres of Books = 90
New Modes of Reading = 98
Chapter 5 Exceptions to Continental Aerated Text Formats in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries = 100
Regional Differences = 101
Insular Intellectuals on the Continent = 106
Tironian Notes = 115
Chapter 6 The Origins of Continental Word Separation, 950-I300 = 120
Protoscholasticism = 120
Arabic Influence on Continental Word Separation = I23
Chapter 7 Word Separation and the Transcription of Numbers and Music = 131
Numbers as Language = 131
The Reformatting of Roman Numerals = 135
Fractions = 137
New Modes of Graphic Display = 138
Musical Notation = 139
Chapter 8 The Early Protoscholastics = 143
Gerbert of Aurillac = I43
Abbo of Fleury = 151
Heriger of Lobbes = 162
Chapter 9 The Proliferation of Word Separation in the Eleventh Century = 165
Fulbert of Chartres = 165
Fulbert's Students = 168
Gerbert's Students in the Eleventh Century = 170
Heriger's Students = 171
Authors of Unseparated Texts = 177
Robert the Pious and French Royal Charters = I78
Otto Ⅲ and German Imperial Documents = 182
Chapter 10 The Spread of Word Separation from England to the Low Countries and Lorraine = 183
English Benedictine Reform and Caroline Script = 183
The Reformed Abbeys = 185
Chapter 11 The Spread of Word Separation from England to Northern France = 202
Norman Benedictine Piety and Silent Reading = 202
F e ´ camp = 204
Mont Saint-Michel = 208
Jumi e ` ges = 209
Bec = 212
Chapter 12 Cluniac Monasticism : Eastern and Southern France = 215
Cluny = 215
Saint-B e ´ nigne of Dijon = 221
Saint-Martial of Limoges = 223
Saint-Pierre of Moissac = 227
The Ars-lectoria in Aquitaine = 23l
Aurillac and Saint-Sever = 233
The Reform of Saint-Victor of Marseille = 233
La Grasse = 234
Chapter I3 Italy = 235
Chapter 14 Reading and Writing in Northern Europe in the Twelfth and Thirteenth Centuries = 243
The Spread of Canonical Separation = 244
The Author and the Book = 249
Book Production = 252
Changes in Scholastic Grammatical Theory = 253
Changes in the Language of Mathematics = 255
ChapterI5 Written Culture at the End of the Middle Ages = 256
Gothic Cursive Script and the Manuscript Book = 257
The Classroom = 258
Libraries = 261
Private Study and Heresy = 264
Lay Society and Vernacular Texts = 265
Italy = 271
Private, Silent Reading and Personal Expression = 273
Appendix : Characteristics Relating to Word Separation in Manuscripts Surveyed = 279
Notes = 293
Glossary = 433
References = 437
Index of Manuscripts Cited = 449
General and Topical Index = 469
