CONTENTS
Introduction = 7
Chapter 1. Goals, Objectives, and Priorities = 9
From advocacy to action = 9
Stages of formulating and implementing policy for lifelong learning = 10
Overview of the country goals for lifelong learning = 11
From policy goals to operational objectives = 17
Lifelong learning gaps and participation targets for closing them : evaluating different scenarios = 21
Expenditure gaps = 27
Conclusions = 30
Chapter 2. Increasing the Cost-effectiveness, Quality and Benefits of Lifelong Learning Opportunities = 33
Introduction = 33
Difficulties in addressing cost-effectiveness and quality = 33
Strategies to improve cost-effectiveness and quality in initial education and training = 35
Tertiary education = 44
Other measures to improve the quality of lifelong learning opportunities = 49
Equity issues = 56
Conclusions = 59
Chapter 3. Mobilising Financial Resources for Lifelong Learning = 61
Introduction = 61
Secondary education and initial training : principal issues = 63
Tertiary education = 80
Adult participation in lifelong learning = 92
Conclusions = 104
Chapter 4. What Next? = 107
The issue of affordability = 107
How ambitious a goal have countries set, and how costly will it be to achieve? = 108
Strengthening incentives to invest in lifelong learning : how can efficiency and cost-effectiveness be improved, and benefits increased? = 109
Putting incentives to work : how can financial resources be mobilised? = 111
From marginal change to paradigm shift = 112
Bibliography = 115
Annex 1. Estimating Lifelong Learning Gaps = 117
Annex 2. Estimates of Participation Gaps = 119
Annex 3. Estimated Costs of Closing Participation Gaps = 127
