CONTENTS
Preface = xvii
Color Plates following = 200
Chapter 1 Foundation for a Science of Data Visualization = 1
Visualization Stages = 3
Experimental Semiotics Based on Perception = 5
Semiotics of Graphics = 5
Pictures as Sensory Languages = 7
Sensory versus Arbitrary Symbols = 10
Properties of Sensory and Arbitrary Representation = 14
Testing Claims about Sensory Representations = 16
Arbitrary Conventional Representations = 19
The Study of Arbitrary Conventional Symbols = 21
Gibson's Affordance Theory = 22
A Model of Perceptual Processing = 25
Stage 1 : Parallel Processing to Extract Low-Level Properties of the Visual Scene = 25
Stage 2 : Sequential Goal-Directed Processing = 26
Types of Data = 28
Entities = 28
Relationships = 29
Attributes of Entities or Relationships = 29
Operations Considered as Data = 31
Conclusion = 33
Chapter 2 The Environment, Optics, Resolution, and the Display = 35
The Environment = 36
Visible Light = 37
Ecological Optics = 37
The Eye = 46
The Visual Angle Defined = 47
The Lens = 48
Focus and Augmented-Reality Systems = 50
Focus in Virtual-Reality Displays = 52
Chromatic Aberration = 54
Receptors = 55
Simple Acuities = 55
Acuity Distribution and the Visual Field = 58
Spatial Contrast Sensitivity Function = 60
Visual Stress = 64
The Optimal Display = 66
Aliasing = 66
Number of Dots = 68
Superacuities and Displays = 69
Temporal Requirements of the Perfect Display = 70
Conclusion = 71
Chapter 3 Lightness, Brightness, Contrast, and Constancy = 73
Neurons, Receptive Fields, and Brightness Illusions = 75
Simultaneous Brightness Contrast = 78
Mach Bands = 78
The Chevreul Illusion = 78
Simultaneous Contrast and Errors in Reading Maps = 80
Contrast Effects and Artifacts in Computer Graphics = 80
Edge Enhancement = 83
Luminance, Brightness, Lightness, and Gamma = 84
Luminance = 86
Brightness = 88
Adaptation, Contrast, and Lightness Constancy = 90
Contrast and Constancy = 91
Perception of Surface Lightness = 93
Lightness Differences and the Gray Scale = 94
Monitor Illumination and Monitor Surrounds = 96
Conclusion = 100
Chapter 4 Color = 103
Trichromacy Theory = 105
Color Blindness = 107
Color Measurement = 107
Change of Primaries = 109
CIE System of Color Standards = 110
Chromaticity Coordinates = 112
Color Differences and Uniform Color Spaces = 115
Opponent Process Theory = 118
Properties of Color Channels = 122
Color Appearance = 124
Color Contrast = 125
Saturation = 126
Brown = 126
Applications of Color in Visualization = 127
Application 1 : Color Specification Interfaces and Color Spaces = 128
Application 2 : Color for Labeling = 133
Application 3 : Color Sequences for Maps = 137
Application 4 : Color Reproduction = 142
Application 5 : Color for Exploring Multidimensional Discrete Data = 145
Conclusion = 148
Chapter 5 Visual Attention and Information That Pops Out = 151
Eye Movements = 152
Accommodation = 153
Visual Attention, Searching, and System Monitoring = 154
Eye Movements, Attention, and the Useful Field of View = 154
Reading from the Iconic Buffer = 162
Pre-attentive Processing = 163
Coding with Combinations of Features = 168
Conjunctions with Spatial Dimensions = 169
Designing a Symbol Set = 171
Neural Processing, Graphemes, and Tuned Receptors = 172
The Grapheme = 174
The Gabor Model and Texture in Visualization = 176
Texture Segmentation = 177
Trade-Offs in Information Density - an Uncertainty Principle = 178
Texture Coding Information = 180
The Primary Perceptual Dimensions of Texture = 180
The Generation of Distinct Textures = 181
Spatial-Frequency Channels, Orthogonality, and Maps = 182
Texture Contrast Effects = 186
Other Dimensions of Visual Texture = 186
Glyphs and Multivariate Discrete Data = 188
Restricted Classification Tasks = 189
Speeded Classification Tasks = 190
Integral-Separable Dimension Pairs = 192
Multidimensional Discrete Data = 194
Conclusion = 198
Chapter 6 Static and Moving Patterns = 201
Gestalt Laws = 203
Proximity = 203
Similarity = 205
Continuity = 206
Symmetry = 208
Closure = 209
Relative Size = 212
Figure and Ground = 212
More on Contours = 214
Perceiving Direction : Representing Vector Fields = 216
Perception of Transparency : Overlapping Data = 219
The Perceptual Syntax of Diagrams = 222
The Grammar of Node-Link Diagrams = 222
The Grammar of Maps = 227
Patterns in Motion = 230
Form and Contour in Motion = 232
Moving Frames = 233
Expressive Motion = 235
Perception of Causality = 235
Perception of Animate Motion = 237
Enriching Diagrams with Simple Animation = 239
Conclusion = 239
Chapter 7 Visual Objects and Data Objects = 241
Image-Based Object Recognition = 242
Applications of Images in User Interfaces = 245
Structure-Based Object Recognition = 247
Geon Theory = 248
Silhouettes = 249
The Object Display and Object-Based Diagram = 252
The Geon Diagram = 255
Perceiving the Surface Shapes of Objects = 257
Spatial Cues for Representing Scalar Fields = 258
Integration of Cues for Surface Shape = 262
Interaction of Shading and Contour = 264
Guidelines for Displaying Surfaces = 268
Bivariate Maps : Lighting and Surface Color = 269
Integration = 270
Conclusion = 272
Chapter 8 Space Perception and the Display of Data in Space = 273
Depth Cue Theory = 274
Perspective Cues = 275
Occlusion = 280
Depth of Focus = 280
Cast Shadows = 281
Shape-from-Shading = 282
Structure-from-Motion = 282
Eye Convergence = 284
Stereoscopic Depth = 284
Problems with Stereoscopic Displays = 287
Making Effective Stereoscopic Displays = 289
Artificial Spatial Cues = 293
Depth Cues in Combination = 295
Task-Based Space Perception = 298
Tracing Data Paths in 3D Graphs = 298
Judging the Morphology of Surfaces and Surface Target Detection = 302
Patterns of Points in 3D Space = 304
Judging Relative Positions of Objects in Space = 305
Judging the Relative Movement of Self within the Enviroment = 306
Judging the "Up" Direction = 307
The Esthetic Impression of 3D Space (Presence) = 308
Conclusion = 309
Chapter 9 Images and Words = 311
Coding Words and Images = 312
The Nature of Language = 314
Visual and Spoken Language = 316
Images versus Words = 319
Links between Images and Words = 323
Visual Momentum in Animated Sequences = 327
Animated Visual Languages = 329
Conclusion = 332
Chapter 10 Interacting with Visualizations = 335
Visual-Manual Control Loop = 336
Choice Reaction Time = 336
2D Positioning and Selection = 337
Skill Learning = 339
Vigilance = 341
View Refinement and Navigation Loop = 343
Locomotion and Viewpoint Control = 343
Map Orientation = 353
Focus, Context, and Scale = 355
Rapid Interaction with Data = 362
Problem-Solving Loop = 366
Iconic Memory = 368
Working Memory = 368
Long-Term Memory = 369
Chunks and Concepts = 371
Extending Memory and Cognition = 371
Visual Spatial Reasoning = 374
Creative Problem Solving = 380
Conclusion = 382
Appendix A Changing Primaries = 385
Appendix B CIE Color Measurement System = 387
Bibliography = 391
Index = 411
About the Author = 437
