CONTENTS
Preface = xv
Abbreviations = xviii
1 Basic observations = 1
1.1 What is definiteness ? = 1
1.1.1 Simple definites and indefinites = 1
1.1.2 Familiarity and identifiability = 2
1.1.3 Uniqueness and inclusiveness = 7
1.1.4 Identifiability, inclusiveness and indefinites = 12
1.1.5 A unified account ? = 13
1.2 Types of definite noun phrase = 15
1.2.1 Testing for definiteness = 15
1.2.2 Demonstratives = 17
1.2.3 Proper nouns = 21
1.2.4 Possessives = 22
1.2.5 Personal pronouns = 26
1.2.6 Universal quantifiers = 32
1.3 Simple and complex indefinites = 33
1.3.1 Indefiniteness and cardinality = 33
1.3.2 Complex indefinites = 36
1.4 The noun phrase = 41
1.5 Definiteness beyond the noun phrase = 45
2 Simple definites and indefinites = 47
2.1 Definiteness and indefiniteness marking = 47
2.1.1 The occurrence of articles in languages = 48
2.1.2 The distribution of definites and indefinites = 51
2.2 Definites : semantic content and behaviour = 52
2.2.1 Optional definite articles = 52
2.2.2 Anaphoric articles = 53
2.2.3 Deictic distinctions = 55
2.2.4 Definite and specific = 57
2.2.5 Nominalizing and other functions = 60
2.3 Definite article types = 62
2.3.1 Free-form articles = 63
2.3.2 Bound articles = 68
2.3.3 Phrasal critics = 72
2.3.4 Mixed systems and double determination = 77
2.3.5 Definite adjectives = 82
2.4 Other ways of expressing definiteness = 86
2.4.1 Adpositional marking = 86
2.4.2 Agreement = 86
2.4.3 Pronominal marking = 88
2.4.4 Word order = 88
2.5 Indefinites = 89
2.5.1 Indefinite article = 89
2.5.2 Quasi-indefinite article = 95
2.5.3 Types of cardinal article = 100
2.5.4 partitive indefinites = 100
2.5.5 Bare indefinites = 103
2.6 General remarks = 105
3 Complex definites and indefinites = 107
3.1 Demonstratives = 107
3.1.1 Deictic distinctions = 113
3.1.2 Non-deictic distinctions = 116
3.1.3 Forms and positions = 121
3.2 Proper nouns = 124
3.3 Possessives = 124
3.3.1 Pronoun and full noun phrase possessives = 124
3.3.2 Affixal possessives = 125
3.3.3 Alienable and inalienable = 128
3.3.4 Possessives and definiteness = 130
3.4 Personal pronouns = 134
3.4.1 Semantic, and grammatical content = 134
3.4.2 Strong, weak and null pronouns = 137
3.4.3 Personal determiners = 141
3.4.4 Definite and demonstrative personal forms = 145
3.5 Universals and other quantifiers = 148
3.6 Indefinites = 148
3.6.1 Full noun phrases = 149
3.6.2 Pronouns = 150
3.7 Indefinite demonstratives = 151
3.8 Vocatives = 152
3.9 Non-configurational languages = 153
4 Some semantic and pragmatic distinctions = 157
4.1 One definiteness or several ? = 157
4.1.1 Identifiability and inclusiveness = 158
4.1.2 Anaphoric and non-anaphoric definites = 158
4.1.3 "Deictic" and non-"deictic" definites = 160
4.2 Specificity and referentiality = 165
4.2.1 Opacity and scope ambiguities = 166
4.2.2 Transparent contexts = 170
4.2.3 A unified account of specificity ? = 172
4.3 Generics = 179
4.3.1 Generics in English = 181
4.3.2 Singular generics = 184
4.3.3 Non-singular generics = 189
4.3.4 Generics and proper nouns = 193
4.4 Concluding comments = 198
5 Interaction with other grammatical phenomena = 199
5.1 Direct object marking = 199
5.1.1 Differential case marking = 200
5.1.2 Definite object marking = 202
5.1.3 Oblique direct objects = 205
5.2 Verb agreement = 207
5.2.1 Direct object agreement = 207
5.2.2 Indirect object agreement = 211
5.2.3 Subject agreement = 212
5.3 Definiteness and animacy = 213
5.4 Articles and nominal feature marking = 215
5.5 Null and implicit no phrases = 219
5.5.1 Pro = 220
5.5.2 Traces = 221
5.5.3 PRO = 223
5.5.4 Implicit arguments = 223
5.6 Classifiers = 225
5.7 Concluding pounint = 226
6 Definiteness effects = 227
6.1 Discourse structure = 227
6.1.1 The organization of information = 227
6.1.2 Information structure and definiteness = 232
6.2 Existential sentences = 236
6.2.1 The phenomenon = 237
6.2.2 Explanatory accounts = 241
6.3 other definiteness effects = 246
6.3.1 Superlatives = 246
6.3.2 PP-extraposition and any opacity = 248
6.3.3 Property predication = 249
6.3.4 Internal-head relatives = 250
6.3.5 Concluding remarks = 251
7 Defining definiteness = 253
7.1 The grammatical, logical and pragmatic traditions = 253
7.2 Hawkins : inclusiveness and location = 260
7.2.1 Shared sets, inclusiveness and exclusiveness = 260
7.2.2 Subsequent developments = 262
7.3 Definiteness and quantification = 265
7.3.1 Milsark and the quantification restriction = 265
7.3.2 Generalized quantifiers = 266
7.3.3 Discourse semantics : Heim = 268
7.4 Relevance theory = 271
7.5 Well, what is definiteness then ? = 274
7.5.1 Grammaticalization = 275
7.5.2 Grammaticalization and definiteness = 277
7.5.3 Simple and complex definiteness = 279
8 Definiteness and noun phrase structure = 282
8.1 The noun phrase as NP = 282
8.1.1 The specifier position and definite Dets = 283
8.1.2 Affixal articles = 287
8.1.3 The definite constraint = 288
8.2 The DP hypothesis = 290
8.2.1 Movement processes in DP = 291
8.2.2 Other functional categories in the noun phrase = 294
8.2.3 Weaknesses in the DP analysis = 296
8.3 A modified DP analysis = 298
8.3.1 D as definiteness = 298
8.3.2 The content of determiners = 301
8.3.3 The analysis of personal pronouns = 303
8.4 Configurationality and definiteness = 305
8.5 Definiteness and person = 310
8.5.1 Personal determiners and pronouns = 310
8.5.2 Person and definite determiners = 313
8.5.3 The nature of person-definiteness = 318
8.6 Summary of proposals = 320
9 Diachronic aspects = 322
9.1 The emergence of functional structure = 322
9 1.1 The development of DP = 323
9.1.2 A definite article cycle = 326
9.1.3 Indefinites and CardP = 330
9.2 The origin of articles = 331
9.2.1 Demonstrative to definite article = 331
9.2.2 Articles in competition = 334
9.2.3 Numeral to cardinal article = 335
9.3 The longer perspective = 336
9.3.1 Expansion in article use = 336
9.3.2 The life cycle of definite articles = 337
9.4 In conclusion = 340
References = 341
Index = 359
