CONTENTS
List of tables = ⅵ
List of figures = ⅶ
Preface = ⅸ
The International Phonetic Alphabet = xi
1. Introduction = 1
1.1 Phonetics and phonology = 1
1.2 The generative enterprise = 3
Further reading = 6
2. Introduction to articulatory phonetics = 7
2.1 Overview = 8
2.2 Speech sound classification = 14
2.3 Supra-segmental structure = 14
2.4 Consonants vs. vowels = 15
Further reading = 16
Exercises = 16
3. Consonants = 18
3.1 Stops = 19
3.2 Affricates = 26
3.3 Fricatives = 27
3.4 Nasals = 30
3.5 Liquids = 31
3.6 Glides = 34
3.7 An inventory of English consonants = 36
Further reading = 37
Exercises = 37
4. Vowels = 39
4.1 Vowel classification = 39
4.2 The vowel space and Cardinal Vowels = 40
4.3 Further classifications = 42
4.4 The vowels of English = 43
4.5 Some vowel systems of English = 52
Further reading = 55
Exercises = 55
5. Acoustic phonetics = 56
5.1 Fundamentals = 56
5.2 Speech sounds = 60
5.3 Crosslinguistic values = 70
Further reading = 71
Exercises = 71
6. Features = 73
6.1 Segmental composition = 73
6.2 Phonetic vs. phonological features = 74
6.3 Charting the features = 76
6.4 Conclusion = 90
Further reading = 91
Exercises = 93
7. Phonemic analysis = 95
7.1 Sounds that are the same but different = 95
7.2 Finding phonemes and allophones = 98
7.3 Linking levels : Rules = 101
7.4 Choosing the underlying form = 103
7.5 Summary = 110
Further reading = 110
Exercises = 110
8. Phonological alternations, processes and rules = 114
8.1 Alternations vs. processes vs. rules = 114
8.2 Alternation types = 115
8.3 Formal rules and rule writing = 119
8.4 Overview of phonological operations and rules = 124
8.5 Summary = 126
Further reading = 127
Exercises = 127
9. Phonological structure = 129
9.1 The need for richer phonological representation = 130
9.2 Segment internal structure : Feature geometry and underspecification = 133
9.3 Autosegmental phonology = 138
9.4 Suprasegmental structure = 144
9.5 Conclusion = 151
Further reading = 151
Exercises = 152
10. Derivational analysis = 154
10.1 The aims of analysis = 154
10.2 A derivational analysis of English noun plural formation = 156
10.3 Extrinsic vs. intrinsic rule ordering = 160
10.4 Evaluating competing analyses : evidence, economy and plausibility = 162
10.5 Conclusion = 172
Further reading = 172
Exercises = 173
11. Constraining the model = 176
11.1 Abstractness in analysis = 177
11.2 Extrinsic and intrinsic rule ordering revisited = 179
11.3 Constraining the power of the phonological component = 180
11.4 Conclusion = 186
Further reading = 187
References = 188
Subject index = 190
Varieties of English index = 193
Language index = 195
