CONTENTS
Copyrights = xii
Conventions = xiii
1 Introduction and Background = 1
1.1 Terminology = 2
1.1.1 Fixed expressions and the scope of this book = 2
1.1.2 Idiom = 3
1.1.3 Other terms = 5
1.2 Idiomaticity = 6
1.2.1 Institutionalization = 7
1.2.2 Lexicogrammatical fixedness = 7
1.2.3 Non-compositionality = 8
1.2.4 Other points = 8
1.3 Phraseological models = 9
1.3.1 Broader and semantic approaches = 10
1.3.2 Lexicalist approaches = 12
1.3.3 Syntactic approaches = 14
1.3.4 Functional approaches = 17
1.3.5 Lexicographical approaches = 17
1.4 A typology of FEIs = 9
1.4.1 Anomalous collocations = 20
1.4.2 Formulae = 21
1.4.3 Metaphors = 22
1.4.4 Dual classifications = 23
2 Collocation and Chunking = 26
2.1 Collocation = 26
2.1.1 Sinclair's 'idiom principle' = 28
2.1.2 The idiom principle, FEIS, and discourse = 29
2.2 Psycholinguistic aspects of chunking = 30
2.2.1 Processing of FEIs = 31
2.3 Lexicalization = 36
2.4 Diachronic considerations = 40
3 Corpus and Computer = 44
3.1 Databases of FEIs = 44
3.1.1 The set of FEIs = 44
3.1.2 The structure of the database = 45
3.2 Corpus and tools = 46
3.2.1 The corpus = 48
3.2.2 Searching the corpus = 49
3.3 Computational issues = 51
4 Frequencies and FEIs = 57
4.1 Frequency and significance = 57
4.2 The recording of frequency = 59
4.3 Overall frequencies = 60
4.4 Frequency and general typology = 61
4.5 Distribution of anomalous collocations = 62
4.6 Distribution of formulae = 62
4.7 Distribution of metaphors = 63
4.8 Corpus comparisons = 64
4.9 Corpora and genre = 68
5 Lexical and Grammatical Form = 75
5.1 Lexis and anomaly = 75
5.1.1 Word rankings = 75
5.1.2 Median lengths of FEls = 78
5.1.3 Cranberry collocations = 78
5.1.4 Ill-formed FEIs = 50
5.2 Frequencies of grammatical types = 83
5.3 Grammatical types and structures = 85
5.3.1 Predicate FEls = 85
5.3.2 Nominal groups = 87
5.3.3 Predicative adjectival groups = 89
5.3.4 Modifiers = 89
5.3.5 Adjuncts = 89
5.3.6 Sentence adverbials = 91
5.3.7 Conventions, exclamations, and subordinate clauses = 92
5.3.8 Other classes = 94
5.4 Inflectability = 94
5.4.1 A note on tense and mood = 97
5.5 Regular slots in FEls = 98
5.5.1 Subject slots = 99
5.5.2 Non-subject slots = 100
5.5.3 Possessives = 101
5.5.4 Open slots = 103
5.6 Transformations = 104
5.6.1 Polarity = 106
5.6.2 Passivization = 107
5.6.3 Nonfinite uses = 110
5.6.4 Embedding = 110
5.6.5 Pronominalization = 111
5.6.6 Nominalization = 112
5.6.7 Transformation to adjectives = 114
5.6.8 Transformation to predicates = 115
5.7 Colligations, collocations, and other structures = 116
6 Variation = 120
6.1 Types of lexical variation = 124
6.1.1 Verb variation = 124
6.1.2 Noun variation = 126
6.1.3 Adjective and modifier variation = 127
6.1.4 Particle variation = 128
6.1.5 Conjunction variation = 129
6.1.6 Specificity and amplification = 130
6.1.7 Truncation = 131
6.1.8 Reversals = 132
6.1.9 Register variation = 132
6.1.10 Variations between British and American English = 133
6.1.11 Spelling, homophonous, and erroneous variations = 135
6.1.12 Calques and non-naturalized FEIs = 137
6.1.13 False variations = 138
6.2 Systematic variations = 139
6.2.1 Notions of possession = 139
6.2.2 Causative and resultative structures = 140
6.2.3 Aspect = 143
6.2.4 Reciprocity = 143
6.2.5 Other case relationships = 144
6.2.6 Delexical structures = 145
6.3 Frames and variation = 145
6.3.1 Similes = 150
6.3.2 Binomial expressions = 152
6.4 Antonymous and parallel FEIs = 156
6.5 Free realizations = 158
6.6 Idiom schemas = 161
6.7 Exploitations = 170
6.8 Interruption and insertion = 174
7 Ambiguity, Polysemy, and Metaphor = 178
7.1 Ambiguity and homonymy = 178
7.1.1 Ambiguity and evidence = 180
7.1.2 The ambiguity of body language FEIs = 184
7.2 Ambiguity and the interpretation of the unfamiliar = 185
7.3 Polysemy = 187
7.3.1 Polysemy, meanings, and variations = 189
7.3.2 Polysemy and frequency = 192
7.3.3 Polysemy and ambiguity = 192
7.4 Metaphoricality, mctonymy, and non-litcral meaning = 193
7.4.1 Metonymy = 194
7.4.2 Personification = 195
7.4.3 Animal metaphors = 196
7.4.4 Hyperbole, absurdity, and truism = 197
7.4.5 Irony = 200
7.4.6 Incorporated metaphors = 201
7.5 Conceptual metaphors = 202
7.6 Meanings and mismatching = 207
7.6.1 Predicate FEIs = 208
7.6.2 Nominal groups = 211
7.6.3 Adjectival groups = 211
7.6.4 Adjuncts = 213
8 Discoursal Functions of FEIs = 215
8.1 A classification of text functions = 217
8.2 Distribution and text functions = 219
8.3 Informational FEIs = 221
8.4 Evaluative FEIs = 223
8.5 Situational FEls = 225
8.6 Modalizing FEIs = 226
8.6.1 Epistemic modalizers = 228
8.6.2 Deontic modalizers = 232
9.6.3 Other kinds of modalizer = 232
8.7 Organizational FEIs = 233
8.7.1 FEIs that organize propositional content = 234
8.7.2 FEIs that organize the discourse = 236
8.8 Multiple functioning = 239
8.9 Cross-functioning = 241
9 Evaluation and Interactional Perspectives = 244
9.1 Evaluation and attitude = 244
9.1.1 Evaluation and modality = 250
9.1.2 Negotiation of evaluation = 252
9.1.3 Subversion of evaluation = 254
9.1.4 Ideology and shared evaluations = 257
9.2 Politeness = 260
9.2.1 Face, person, and FEIs = 260
9.2.2 Periphrasis = 264
9.2.3 Solidarity = 267
9.2.4 Maxims of idiom use = 270
9.3 FEIs and speech acts = 270
9.4 Stylistics and interaction : interest and banality = 274
10 Cohesion and FEls = 278
10.1 Grammatical cohesion = 279
10.1.1 Cohesion through conjunction = 279
10.1.2 Cohesion through reference = 281
10.2 Lexical cohesion = 283
10.2.1 Lack of cohesiveness and incongruity = 283
10.2.2 Extended metaphors = 286
10.2.3 Humour and puns = 288
10.2.4 Headings and headlines = 290
10.3 Semantic cohesion = 293
10.3.1 Relexicalization and substitution = 294
10.3.2 Prefaces = 297
10.3.3 Summaries and evaluations = 298
10.4 Spoken interaction = 300
10.5 Signalling of FEIs = 305
11 Afterword = 309
References = 312
Index = 333
