CONTENTS
PART ONE THE PSYCHOLOGY OF DEMOCRACY
Introduction = 3
SOCIOLOGY AND PSYCHOLOGY = 3
DEMOCRACY AND TOTALITARIANISM = 5
PSYCHOLOGY AND HISTORY = 7
METHODS = 8
1 The Democratic Way of Life = 12
DEMOCRACY AS A FRAME OF MIND = 12
PSYCHE AND HISTORY = 23
2 A Flexible Society = 26
SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE FLEXIBILITY OF MODERN EUROPEAN CULTURE-PATTERNS = 26
POLITICAL ASPECTS OF FLEXIBILITY = 35
3 The Paradox of Democracy = 40
FREEDOM AND ORDER = 40
RATIONALIZATION = 42
INDIVIDUATION = 47
INNER AUTHORITY AS THE CHECK OF FREEDOM = 49
4 Ideology and Democracy = 53
RATIONALISM = 53
THE SOCIO-PSYCHOLOGICAL SOURCES OF CULTURAL DUALISM = 54
ASPECTS OF DUALISM IN BRITISH DEMOCRACY = 56
DEMOCRACY AND THE PHILOSOPHY OF COMPROMISE = 58
RELIGION AND DEMOCRACY = 59
ETHICS AND DEMOCRACY = 63
DEMOCRACY AND THE DOUBLE DIMENSION OF LIFE = 65
THE SCALE OF VALUES OF DEMOCRACY = 66
5 The Cardinal Socio-Psychological Concepts of Democracy = 70
INDIVIDUALITY = 70
THE CRITICAL MIND = 75
OBJECTIVITY = 76
LEISURE = 80
6 Mind and Democracy = 83
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL MEANING OF FLEXIBILITY = 83
REASON, INTELLECT, INTELLIGENCE = 84
CONSCIOUSNESS - THE UNCONSCIOUS AND THE DOUBLE DIMENSION OF LIFE = 87
THE PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FREEDOM = 90
7 Democracy and Everyday Life = 93
LIFE AND PRINCIPLES = 93
PERSONAL FEELINGS = 94
TOLERANCE = 99
DEMOCRACY AND LANGUAGE = 102
8 Democratic Personality = 106
PERSONALITY AND CULTURE-PATTERN = 106
ORGANIZATION BASED ON THE EGO = 107
DEMOCRACY AND PERSONALITY VARIATION = 108
PART TWO THE PSYCHOLOGY OF NAZISM
1 Dictatorship of the Right = 117
CONCENTRATION OF POWER = 118
NAZISM AND SOCIAL CLASSES = 121
THE ORIGINS OF THE NAZI MOVEMENT = 122
THE SOCIAL COMPOSITION OF THE PARTY = 128
STATE OF MIND, OR NATIONAL CHARACTER = 130
2 The WELTANSCHAUUNG of Nazism = 131
THE AGE OF UNREASON = 131
THE TOTALITARIAN-SOCIETY = 132
THE SCALE OF VALUES OF NAZISM = 134
MYTHS AND MYTH-MAKING IN THE NAZI WELTANSCHAUUNG = 139
3 Nazism as Regressive Behaviour = 140
THE GERMAN CULTURAL LAG AND NAZISM = 140
MYTHICAL THINKING AS A REGRESSIVE SYMPTOM = 142
SOCIALIST ECONOMY AS A SYMPTOM OF REGRESSION = 143
THE CAUSES OF REGRESSION = 144
THE EFFECTS OF REGRESSION = 146
THE PROCESS OF GLEICHSCHALTUNG = 147
THE LIMITATIONS OF THE CONCEPT OF REGRESSION = 149
4 Pathological Factors in Nazism = 150
PSYCHOGENESIS = 150
SOCIOGENESIS = 156
5 Nazi Authoritarian Personality = 161
INDIVIDUATION IN A THREATENED SOCIETY = 161
SOME ASPECTS OF INDIVIDUATION UNDER CONDITIONS OF INSECURITY = 162
PATTERNS OF INDIVIDUATION UNDER CONDITIONS OF INSECURITY = 166
THE CRISIS OF INDIVIDUATION AND THE AUTHORITARIAN PERSONALITY = 169
PART THREE THE PSYCHOLOGY OF COMMUNISM
1 The Historical Pattern of Communism = 173
INTRODUCTION = 173
THE MEDIUM OF INCUBATION = 173
THE IDEOLOGICAL ARTICULATION OF COMMUNISM = 178
2 The Political Articulation of Communism = 184
THE PARTY = 184
THE SOCIAL BASIS OF THE PARTY = 184
THE CONCENTRATION OF POWER WITHIN THE PARTY = 189
COMMUNIST TOTALITARIANISM = 194
3 Russia and Communism = 195
INTRODUCTION = 195
CONFLICT BETWEEN TWO CULTURES = 196
RUSSIAN MESSIANISM = 202
4 The Rational Dynamics of Communism = 204
SOME RATIONAL FACTORS IN COMMUNIST BEHAVIOUR = 204
5 The Irrational Dynamics of Communism = 208
INTRODUCTION = 208
KARL MARX'S PERSONALITY = 208
LENIN'S PERSONALITY = 217
STALIN'S PERSONALITY = 221
6 The Psychology of Dogma = 224
DOGMA AND MYTH = 224
MARXIAN DOGMA AND THE DISPLACEMENT OF RELIGION = 226
THE CRITIQUE OF THE CRITIQUE OF RELIGION = 228
COMMUNIST DOGMA AS A SYMPTOM OF OVER-RATIONALIZATION = 230
7 The Communist Type of Personality = 233
THE COMMUNIST PATTERN OF INDIVIDUATION = 233
CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS : THE NUCLEUS OF THE COMMUNIST TYPE OF PERSONALITY = 239
THE STRUCTURE OF CLASS CONSCIOUSNESS = 240
THE COMMUNIST'S PERCEPTION OF THE WORLD = 245
Individuality-The Critical Mind-Objectivity-The Sense of Leisure
THE EMOTIONAL PATTERN OF THE COMMUNIST PERSONALITY = 251
SUSPICION = 255
TECHNOLOGICAL CONSCIOUSNESS = 255
COMMUNIST, DEMOCRATIC AND FASCIST TYPES OF PERSONALITY = 257
8 History and Personality = 258
THE PSYCHO-SOCIAL CIRCLE OF HISTORY = 258
HISTORICAL STAGES OF THE PSYCHE = 263
PARTY-LEADER-FOLLOWERS = 265
Index = 267
