CONTENTS
Preface = ⅸ
Part 1 Fundamental Concepts of Sound
Chapter 1 The Nature of Sound and Its Measurement = 3
1.1 Introduction = 3
1.2 Generation and Propagation of Sound = 4
1.3 Wave Nature of Sound = 6
1.4 Transmission, Reflection, and Absorption of Sound by Boundaries = 7
1.5 Mathematical Description of Sound Waves = 12
1.6 Physical Descriptors of Sound = 15
1.7 Levels and the Decibel = 20
1.8 Measuring and Displaying Acoustical Data = 27
1.9 Sound-Level Meter, Weighting Seales, Octave Bands = 31
Chapter 2 Effects of Noise on People = 36
2.1 Introduction = 36
2.2 Anatomy of the Ear = 37
2.3 Normal Hearing Response = 39
2.4 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss - Health and Safety Standards = 42
2.5 Speech Interference = 50
2.6 Annoyance - Perceived Noisiness = 54
Chapter 3 Description of Sound Fields = 58
3.1 Introduction = 58
3.2 Sound Sources and Radiated Sound Fields = 59
3.3 Near- and Far-Field Characteristics = 71
3.4 Free-Field and Reverberant-Field Characteristics = 74
3.5 Anechoic and Reverberant Chambers = 75
Chapter 4 Acoustics of Rooms and Enclosures = 77
4.1 Absorption and Transmission Coefficients, Room Absorption = 77
4.2 Build-Up and Decay of Sound in a Room, Reverberation Time = 81
4.3 Normal Modes of Vibration of an Enclosure = 86
4.4 Steady-State Sound Pressure Levels = 89
4.5 Enclosures for Acoustical Measurements = 93
Part 2 Practical Aspects of Noise Control
Chapter 5 Instrumentation for Measurement and Analysis of Noise = 103
5.1 Terminology and Fundamental Concepts = 103
5.2 Frequency Analysis = 106
5.3 Acoustical Instrumentation = 113
5.4 Typical Applications = 123
Chapter 6 Acoustical Measurements = 130
6.1 Reverberation Time = 130
6.2 Absorption Coefficient and Acoustic Impedance = 133
6.3 Directivity = 139
6.4 Sound Power = 142
6.5 Attenuation of Sound by Structures = 148
Chapter 7 Noise Criteria, Standards and Regulations = 161
7.1 Introduction = 161
7.2 Criteria for Indoor Noise Environments = 165
7.3 Indoor Noise Standards and Regulations = 175
7.4 Rating Schemes for Outdoor Noise Environments = 186
7.5 Community(Environmental) Noise Regulations = 201
7.6 EPA Model Community Noise Control Ordinance and Strategy Guideline Manual = 207
Chapter 8 Acoustical Materials and Structures = 214
8.1 Introduction = 214
8.2 Absorptive Materials and Structures = 216
8.3 Dissipative and Reactive Silencers = 228
8.4 Attenuating Materials and Structures = 240
8.5 Damping of Thin Panels = 258
8.6 Vibration Isolation = 263
Chapter 9 Principles of Noise Control = 276
9.1 Principle 1 : Identify Sources of Noise and Their Relative Importance = 276
9.2 Principle 2 : List and Evaluate Possible Noise Control Procedures as They Apply to Source, Path, and Receiver = 280
9.3 Principle 3 : Identify Relative Contributions from Direct and Reflected Sound = 281
9.4 Principle 4 : Distinguish between Absorption and Attenuation of Noise = 284
9.5 Principle 5 : Identify and Evaluate Significance of Flanking Paths = 285
9.6 Principle 6 : Identify and Evaluate Significance of Structure-Borne Noise = 287
Chapter 10 Case Studies in Noise Control = 292
10.1 Reduction of Noise Levels in a Food-Packaging Area = 292
10.2 Reduction of Engine-Generator Cooling-Fan Noise = 294
10.3 Reduction of Noise from a Mine Ventilation Fan = 296
10.4 Reduction of Railcar Retarder Noise = 298
10.5 Reduction of Mechanical Equipment Noise in a Penthouse Apartment = 300
10.6 Guidelines for Control of Airborne Duct Noise in an HVAC System = 302
10.7 Reduction of Material Handling Impact Noise = 304
10.8 Noise Reduction of Air Exhaust and Jet Thrust Devices = 314
Chapter 11 Establishing an Industrial Noise Control Program = 324
11.1 Introduction = 324
11.2 Identifying Unacceptable Noise Areas and Work Environments - Initial Noise Survey = 325
11.3 Identifying Major Sources of Worker Noise Exposure - Compliance Noise Survey = 326
11.4 Diagnostic Measurements = 334
11.5 Documentation for the Noise Survey = 338
11.6 Determining Noise Control Methods - Assessing Feasibility = 339
11.7 Written Noise Abatement Plan - Establishing Priorities = 341
11.8 Establishing a Review Procedure = 346
11.9 Personal Hearing Protection - Educational Program = 346
11.10 Establishing an Audiometric Testing Program = 348
Part 3 Laboratory and Field Experiments
Introduction to the Laboratory Exercises = 353
Lab 1 Measurement of Sound = 355
L1.1 The Sound-Level Meter = 355
L1.2 Components = 356
L1.3 Calibration = 356
L1.4 Experiment = 357
Lab 2 Evaluation of Noise Environments = 359
L2.1 The Sound-Level Meter as an Evaluation Tool = 359
L2.2 Combined Octave-Band Levels = 359
L2.3 Weighted Levels from Octave-Band Levels = 361
L2.4 Evaluating Environments from Octave-Band Levels = 363
L2.5 Experiment = 368
Lab 3 Field Measurements of Room Absorption and Reverberation Time = 370
L3.1 Prediction of Sound Levels in Enclosures = 370
L3.2 Practical Aspects of Measuring Reverberation Times = 371
L3.3 Experiment = 372
Lab 4 Field Measurements of Transmission Loss and Noise Reduction = 375
L4.1 Prediction of Noise Reduction through Partitions = 375
L4.2 Practical Aspects of Measuring Transmission Loss or Noise Reduction = 376
L4.3 Experiment = 378
Lab 5 Plant Noise Surveys = 381
L5.1 Introduction = 381
L5.2 Conduct of Noise Surveys = 381
L5.3 Records and Accessories = 385
L5.4 Experiment = 387
Lab 6 Identification of Sources = 390
L6.1 Components of Combined Sound Fields = 390
L6.2 Direct Methods of Identification = 390
L6.3 Comparison Methods of Identification = 393
L6.4 Experiment = 395
Lab 7 Determination of Sound Power Level in Semireverberant Environments = 398
L7.1 Sound-Pressure Level in the Sound Field Surrounding a Source = 398
L7.2 Basic Equations Governing Techniques for Sound Power Determination = 399
L7.3 Practical Aspects of Sound Power Measurement = 401
L7.4 Comparison Methods for Determining Sound Power Level in Semireverberant Fields = 403
L7.5 Experiment = 404
Lab 8 Measurement of Normal Incidence Absorption Coefficient in a Standing Wave Tube = 409
L8.1 Sound Absorption Coefficients of Acoustical Materials = 409
L8.2 The Standing Wave Tube Method of Measuring Absorption Coefficients = 409
L8.3 Experiment = 411
Index = 429
