CONTENTS
Preface = ⅲ
Introduction = 1
Part 1 Fundamentals of the Science and Technology of Ultrasonics = 3
1 Vibratory and Wave Motion = 5
1.1 Small-Amplitude Vibrations and Waves = 5
1.2 Elastic Waves in Fluids = 10
1.3 Elastic Waves in Solids = 16
1.4 Attenuation of Elastic Waves = 23
References = 25
2 Ultrasonic Technology = 27
2.1 Energy Sources = 27
2.2 Mechanoacoustical Converters = 28
2.3 Electroacoustical Converters = 28
2.4 Resonators and Boosters = 32
2.5 Measurement of Acoustic Parameters = 36
References = 39
Part 2 Physical Principles of Ultrasonic Treatment of Liquid Metals = 41
1 Ultrasonic Cavitation = 43
1.1 The Mechanism of Ultrasonic Cavitation = 43
1.2 Cavitation in Melts = 48
References = 57
2 Acoustic Streaming, Radiation Pressure, and Sonocapillary Effect = 59
2.1 Acoustic Streaming = 59
2.2 Acoustic Streaming in a Solidifying Melt = 66
2.3 Radiation Pressure and Sonocapillary Effect = 74
References = 76
3 Ultrasonic Atomization and Degassing of Liquids = 77
3.1 Atomization = 77
3.2 The Mechanism of Ultrasonic Degassing = 91
References = 97
4 Solidification of Metals in an Ultrasonic Field = 99
4.1 Crystal Dispersion = 99
4.2 Nucleation of Solidification Sites = 107
4.3 Effects of Solidification Conditions = 109
References = 116
Part 3 Physical Principles of Ultrasonic Treatment of Solid Metals = 119
1 Attenuation of Ultrasonic Vibrations in Solids = 121
1.1 Scattering by Lattice Defects = 121
1.2 Amplitude-Independent Absorption = 128
1.3 Dislocation Internal Friction = 149
References = 160
2 Structure Changes in Metals on Ultrasonic Stressing = 161
2.1 The Evolution of Dislocation Structure = 161
2.2 The Formation of Point Defects = 194
2.3 Plastic Deformation = 189
References = 195
3 Mechanical Properties of Ultrasonically Irradiated Metals = 199
3.1 The Effect of Ultrasonic Pretreatment = 199
3.2 Mechanical Properties Resulting from Combined Static and Cyclic Stressing = 215
References = 226
4 Diffusion in an Ultrasonic Field = 229
4.1 Interstitial Diffusion = 230
4.2 Substitutional Diffusion = 238
4.3 Mechanism of the Effect of Ultrasound on Diffusion = 242
References = 244
5 Phase Transformations in Ultrasoncially Irradiated Metals = 247
5.1 The Effect of Ultrasound on Polymorphous Transformations = 247
5.2 The Effect of Ultrasound on the Kinetics of Austenite Decomposition in Steels = 252
References = 259
6 Ultrasound Interaction with the Solid-Solid Contact Surface = 261
6.1 Modification of Contact Surface Structure = 261
6.2 The Variation of Friction = 265
References = 271
Part 4. High-Intensity Ultrasound in Liquid-Metal Technologies = 273
1. Ultrasonic Degassing of the Melt = 275
1.1. Degassing Kinetics = 275
1.2. Ultrasonic Degassing of Al and Mg Melts = 281
References = 286
2. Solidification of Metals in an Ultrasonic Field = 289
2.1. Methods of Transmission of Elastic Vibrations to the Solidifying Melt = 290
2.2. Pure Metals = 299
2.3. Low-Melting Metals = 303
2.4. Aluminum and Magnesium Alloys = 304
2.5. Copper and Silver Alloys = 308
2.6. Steels and Cast Irons = 311
2.7. Nickel-Base Superalloys = 323
References = 326
3. Ultrasonically Assisted Crystal Growth = 331
3.1. Physical Principles Underlying the Use of Ultrasound in Crystal Growth Processes = 331
3.2. Zone Refining of Metals and Semiconductors = 339
References = 346
4. Ultrasound in Plating Processes = 347
4.1. The Mechanism of Ultrasonic Hot Dip Plating = 347
4.2. Ultrasonic Plating Technology = 354
4.3. The Structure of the Substrate-Coating Contact Zone = 364
References = 366
5. Ultrasonic Melt Atomization in Powder Metallurgy = 367
5.1. Melt Atomization Methods = 367
5.2. Acoustic Melt Atomizers = 371
5.3. Ultrasonic Melt Atomization Results = 378
References = 384
6. The Use of Ultrasound for Preparing In Situ Composites = 387
6.1. Ultrasonic Feeding of Solid Particles to the Melt = 387
6.2. Antifriction Composites Based on Aluminum = 393
6.3. Oxide-Dispersion-Strengthened Superalloys = 398
References = 405
Part 5. High-Intensity Ultrasound in Solid Metal Technologies = 407
1. Ultrasound in Metalworking Processes = 409
1.1. Ultrasonic Systems Used in Metalworking = 409
1.2. The Effect of Ultrasound on Metalworking Force Reduction = 422
1.3. The Effect of Ultrasound on the Quality of Worked Metal = 435
References = 436
2. Ultrasound in Heat Treatment and Chemical Heat Treatment = 437
2.1. Annealing = 438
2.2. Quenching = 444
2.3. Aging and Tempering = 448
2.4. Chemical Heat Treatment = 451
References = 452
3. Ultrasonic Machining = 455
3.1. The Mechanism of Ultrasonic Machining = 455
3.2. Ultrasonic Machining Equipment = 464
3.3. Ultrasonic Machining Processes = 467
References = 471
4. Ultrasonic Surface Hardening = 473
4.1. The Mechanism of Ultrasonic Surface Deformation = 473
4.2. The Effects of Ultrasonic Surface Hardening on Material Structure and Properties = 478
4.3. Ultrasonic Hardening Technology = 484
References = 486
Index = 489
