CONTENTS
1 Modelling English = 2
PARTⅠ The HISTORY OF English = 4
2 The origins of English = 6
3 Old English = 8
Early borrowings = 8
Runes = 9
The Old English corpus = 10
Litemiy texts = 12
The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle = 14
Spelling = 16
Sounds = 18
Grammar = 20
Vcoabulary = 22
Late borrowings = 24
Dialects = 28
4 Middle English = 30
French and English = 30
The transition from Old English = 32
The Middle English corpus = 34
Literary texts = 36
Chaucer = 38
Spellig = 40
Sounds = 42
Grammar = 44
Vocabulary = 46
Latin bonowings = 48
Dialects = 50
Middle Scots = 52
The origns of Standard English = 54
5 Early Modern English = 56
Caxton = 56
Tiansitional texts = 58
Renaissancc English = 60
The inkhorn controversy = 61
Shakespeare = 62
The King James Bible = 64
Spellig and regularization = 66
Punctuation = 68
Sounds = 69
Grammar = 70
Vocabulary = 72
The Academy debate = 73
Johnson = 74
6 Modern English = 76
Transition = 76
Grammatical trends = 77
Prescriptivism = 78
American English = 80
Breaking the rules = 84
Variety awarenss = 86
Scientific langange = 87
Literary voices = 88
Dickens = 89
Recent trends = 90
7 World English = 92
The New World = 92
American dialects = 93
Canada = 95
Black English Vernacular = 96
Australia = 98
New Zealand = 99
South Africa = 100
South Asia = 101
West Africa = 102
East Africa = 103
South-East Asia atid the South Pacific = 104
A world langange= 106
Numbers of speakers = 108
Standard English = 110
The future of English = 112
English threatened and as threat = 114
PARTⅡ ENGLISH VOCABULARY = 116
8 The nature of the lexicon = 118
Lexemes = 118
The size of the English lexicon = 119
Abbreviations = 120
Proper names = 122
The size of a person's lexicon = 123
9 The sources of the lexicon = 124
Native vocabultary = 124
Foreign borrowings = 126
Word-formation = 128
Unusual structures = 130
Lexical creation = 132
Literary neologism = 134
10 Etymology = 136
Lexical history = 136
Semantic change, = 138
Folk etymology = 139
Place names = 140
Surnames = 148
First name = 150
Nicknanms = 152
Object names = 154
Eponyms = 155
11 The structure of the lexicon = 156
Semantic structure = 156
Semantic fields = 157
Dictionary and thesaurus = 158
Collocations = 160
Lexical piedictaability = 162
Idioms = 163
Synonyms = 164
Antonyms = 165
Hyponyms = 166
Incompatibility = 167
Other sense relations = 168
12 Lexical dimensions = 170
Loaded vocabulary = 170
Taboo = 172
Swearing = 173
Jargon = 174
Doublespeak = 176
Political correctness = 177
Catah phrases = 178
Vogue words = 179
Slogans = 180
Graffiti = 181
Slang = 182
Quotation = 184
Proverbs = 184
Archaisms = 185
Clich$$\acute eX$$s = 186
Last words = 187
PARTⅢ ENGLISH GRAMMAR = 188
13 Grammatical mythology = 190
The nature of grammar = 190
Knowing vs knowing about= 191
Traditional grammar = 192
Prescriptive grammar = 194
The 20th-century legacy = 196
The main branches of grammar = 197
14 The structure of words = 198
Morphology = 198
Suffixation = 198
Adjectives = 199
NounS = 200
The apostrophe = 203
Pronouns = 203
Verbs = 204
15 Word classes = 206
Parts of speeh = 206
Traditional definitions = 206
New classes = 207
Nouns = 208
Pronouns = 210
Adjectives = 211
Adverbs = 211
Verbs = 212
Prepositions = 213
Conjunctions = 213
Interjections = 213
16 The structure of sentences = 214
Spoken and written syntax = 214
Types of sentence = 216
Sentence structure = 217
Sentence functions = 218
Clause elements and types = 220
Phrases = 222
Noun Phrases = 222
Verb Phrases = 224
Multiple sentences = 226
Abbreviation = 228
Disjuncts and comment clauses = 229
Reporting speech = 230
Sentence information = 231
Beyond the sentence = 232
PARTⅣ SPOKEN AND WRITTEN ENGLISH = 234
17 The sound system = 236
Phonetics and phonology = 236
Vocal organs = 236
Vowels = 237
Consononts = 242
Syllables = 246
Connected speech = 247
Prosody = 248
Sound and symbolism = 250
Pronunciation in practice = 254
18 The writing system = 256
Graphetics graphology = 257
Typography = 257
The alphabet = 258
Properties of letters = 265
Letter frequency = 265
Letter distribution = 266
Letter symbolism = 268
Analysing handwriting = 269
Graphetic variety = 270
Spelling = 272
Sources of irregularity = 274
Spelling reform = 276
Punctuation = 278
The development of the writing system = 280
PARTⅤ USING ENGLISH = 284
19 Varieties of discourse = 286
Structure vs use = 286
Pragmatic issues = 286
The nature of discourse = 287
Microlinguistic studies = 288
Texts and varietics = 290
Speech vs writing = 291
Mixed medium = 292
Monologue and dialgue = 294
20 Regional variation = 298
Accent and dialect = 298
International and intranational = 299
A day in the life of the language = 300
American and British Englislh = 306
Ain erican dialects = 312
British dialects = 318
Scotland = 328
Wales = 334
Ireland = 336
Canada = 340
Caribbcean = 344
Pidgins and creoles = 346
Australia = 350
New Zealand = 354
South Africa = 356
New Englishes = 358
21 Social variation = 364
Sociolinguistic perspectivc = 364
Received Pronunciation = 365
Prescriptive attitudes = 366
Gender = 368
Occupation = 370
Religion = 37
Scicence = 372
Law = 374
Plain English = 377
Politics = 378
News mcdia = 380
journalism = 382
Broadcasting = 384
Weather forecasting = 385
Sports commentary = 386
Advertising = 388
Restricted varieties = 390
New varieties = 392
22 Personal variation = 394
Individual differences = 394
Deviance = 395
Word games = 396
Rule-breaking varieties = 400
The edges of language = 403
Jokes and puns = 404
Comic alphabets = 407
Variety humum = 410
Literary freedom = 412
Phonetics and phonology = 414
Grapheties and graphology = 416
Grammar and lexicon = 418
Discourse and variety =420
Stylometry = 423
PARTⅥ LEARNING ABOUT ENGLISH = 424
23 Learning English as a mother tongue = 426
Child language acquisition = 426
Literacy = 427
Grammatical development = 428
Early words and sounds = 430
Rcading and writing = 432
Insufficient language = 434
Languang disability = 434
24 New ways of studying English = 436
Technological revolution = 436
Corpus studies = 438
National and international corpora = 440
Dictionaries = 442
Innovations = 444
Sources and resources = 446
APPENDICES = 447
Ⅰ Glossary, = 448
Ⅱ Special syiiibols and abbreviations = 461
Ⅲ References = 462
Ⅳ Further reading = 467
Ⅴ Indext of linguistic = 470
Ⅵ IndexIiidex of authors and personalities = 472
Ⅶ Index of topics = 475
Acknowledgements = 486
