CONTENTS
PREFACE = xiii
1. English Present and Future = 1
1. The History of the English Language a Cultural Subject.
2. Influences at Work on Language.
3. Growth and Decay.
4. The Importance of a Language.
5. The Importance of English.
6. The Future of the English Language.
7. Will English Become a World Language?
8. Assets and Liabilities.
9. Cosmopolitan Vocabulary.
10. Inflectional Simplicity.
11. Natural Gender.
12. Liabilities.
2. The Indo-European Family of Languages = 16
13. Language Constantly Changing.
14. Dialecial Differentiation.
15. The Discovery of Sanskrit.
16. Grimm's Law.
17. The Indo-European Family.
18. Indian.
19. Iranian.
20. Armenian.
21. Hellenic.
22. Albanian.
23. Italic.
24. Bailo-Siuru.
25. Germanic.
26. Celtic.
27. Recent Discoveries.
28. The Home of the Indo-European Family.
3. Old English = 42
29. The Languages in England before English.
30. The Romans in Britain.
31. The Roman Conquest.
32 Romamzurion of fin- Inland.
33. The Latin Language in Britain.
34. Tin Germanic Conquest.
35. Anglo-Saxon Civilization.
36. The Names "England" and "English".
37. The Origm and Position of English.
38. The Periods in the History of English.
39. The Diulects of Old English.
40. Some Characteristics of Old English.
41. The Noun.
42. Grammatical Gender.
43. The Adjective.
44. The Definite Article.
45. The Personal Pronoun.
46. The Verb
47. The Language Illustrated.
48. The Resourcefulness of the Old English Vocabulary.
49. Self-explaining Compounds.
50. Prefixes and Suffixes.
51. Old English Literature.
4. Foreign Influences on Old English = 72
52. The Contact of English with Other Languages.
53. The Celtic Influence.
54. Celtic Place-names.
55. Other Celtic Loan-words.
56. Three Latin Influences on Old English.
57. Chronological Criteria.
58. Continental Borrowing (Latin Influence of the Zero Period).
59. Latin through Celtic Transmission? (Latin Influence of the First Period).
60. Latin Influence of the Second Period : The Christianizing of Britain.
61. Effects of Christianity on English Civilization.
62. The Earlier Influence of Christianity on the Vocabulary.
63. The Benedictine Reform.
64. Benedictine Reform s Influence on English.
65. The Application of Native Words to New Concepts.
66. The Extent of The Influence.
67. The Scandinavian Influence : The Viking Age.
68. The Scandinavian Invasions of England.
69. The Settlement of the Danes in England.
70. The Amalgamation of the Two Peoples.
71. The Relation of the Two Languages.
72. The Tests of Borrowed Words.
73. Scandinavian Place-names.
74. Tne Earliest Borrowing.
75. Scandinavian Loan-words and Their Character.
76. The Relation of Borrowed and dative Words.
77. Form Words.
78. Scandinavian Influence outside the Standard Speech.
79. Effect on Grammar and Syntax.
80. Period and Extent of the Influence.
5. The Norman Conquest and the Subjection of English, 1066-1200 = 107
81. The Norman Conquest.
82. The Origin of Normandy.
83. The Year 1066.
84. The Norman Settlement.
85. The Use of French by the Upper Class.
86. Circumstances Promoting the Continued Use of French.
87. The Attitude toward English.
88. French Literature at the English Coun.
89. Fusion of the Two Peoples.
90. The Diffusion of French and English.
91. Knowledge of English among the Upper Class.
92. Knowledge of French among the Middle Class.
6. The Re-establishment of English. 1200-1500 = 126
93. Changing Conditions after 1200.
94. The Loss of Normandy.
95. Separation of the French and English Nobilii.
96. French Reinforcements.
97. The Reaction against Foreigners and the Growth of National Feeling.
98. French Cultural, Ascendancy in Europe.
99. English and French in the Thirteenth Ceniury.
100. Attempts to Arrest the Decline of French.
101. Provincial Character of French in England.
102. The Hundred Years' War.
103. The Rise of the Middle Class.
104. General Adoption of English in the Fourteenth Century.
105. English in the Law Courts.
106. English in the Schools.
107. Increasing Ignorance of French in the Fifteenth Century.
108. French as a Language of Culture and Fashion.
109. The Use of English in Writing.
110. Middle English Literature.
7. Middle English = 158
111. Middle English a Period of Great Change.
112. Decay of Inflectional Endings.
113. The Noun.
114. The Adjective.
115. The Pronoun.
116. The Verb.
117. Losses among the Strong Verbs.
118. Strong Verbs Which Became Weak.
119. Survival of Strong Participles.
120. Surviving Strong Verbs.
121. Loss of Grammatical Gender.
122. Grammatical Changes and the Norman Conquest.
123. French influence on the Vocabulary.
124. Governmental and Administrative Words.
125. Ecclesiastical Words.
126. Law.
127. ArmyandNavy.
128. Fashion. Meals, and Social Life.
129. Art. Learning, Medicine.
130. Breadth of the French Influence.
131. Angle-Norman and Central French.
132. Popular and Literary Borrowings.
133. The Period of Greatest Influence.
134. Assimilation.
135. Loss of Native Words.
136. Differentiation in Meaning.
137. Curtailment of O.E. Processes of Derivation.
138. Prefixes.
139. Suffixes.
140. Self-explaining Compounds.
141. The Language Still English.
142. Latin Borrowings in Middle English.
143. Aureate Terms.
144. Synonyms at Three Levels.
145. Words from the Low Countries.
146. Dialectal Diversity of Middle English.
147. The Middle English Dialects.
148. The Rise of Standard English.
149. The Importance of London English.
150. The Spread of the London Standard.
151. Complete Uniformity Still Unattained.
8. The Renaissance. 1500-1650 = 199
152. Changing Conditions in the Modern Period.
153. Effect upon Grammar and Vocabulary.
154. The Problems of the Vernaculars.
155. The Struggle for Recognition.
156. The Problem of Orthography.
157. The Problem of Enrichment.
158. The Opposition to Jnkhorn Terms.
159. The Defense of Borrowing.
160. Compromise.
161. Permanent Additions.
162. Adaptation.
163. Reintroduclions and New Meanings
164. Rejected Words.
165. Reinforcement through French.
166. Words from the Romance Languages.
167. The Method of Introducing the New Words.
168. Enrtcnment from \atirc Sources.
169. Methods of Interpreting the New Words.
170. Dictionaries of Hard Words.
171. Nature and Exient of the Movenemnt.
172. The Movement Illustrated in Shakespeare
173. Shakespeare s Pronunciation.
174. The importance of Sound-cnanges.
175. From Old of Middle English.
176. From Middle English to Moaern.
177. The Great Vowel Shift.
178. Weakening of Unaccented Vowels.
179. Grammatical Features.
180. The Noun.
181. The Adjective.
182. The Pronoun.
183. The Verb.
184. Usage and Idiom.
185. General Characteristics of the Period.
9. The Appeal to Authority. 1650-1800 = 253
186. The Temper of the Eighteenth Century.
187. Its Reflection in the Attitude toward the Language.
188. Ascertainment.
189. The Problem of "Refining" the Language.
190. The Desire to "Fix" she Language.
191. The Example of Italy and Franc.
192. An English Academy.
193. Swift's Proposal 1712.
194. The Effect of Swift's Proposal.
195. Objection to an Academy.
196. Substitutes for an Academy.
197. Johnsons Dictionary.
198. The Eighteenth-century Grammarians and Rhetoricians.
199. The Aims of the Grammarians.
200. The Beginnings of Prescriptive Grammar.
201. Methods of Approach.
202. The Doctrine of Usage.
203. Results.
204. Weakness of the Early-Grammarians.
205. Attempts to Reform the Vocabulary.
206. Objection to Foreign Borrowings.
207. The Expansion of the British Empire.
208. Some Effects of Expansion on the Language.
209. Development of Progressive Verb Forms.
210. The Progressive Passim.
10. The Nineteenth Century and After = 295
211. Influences Affecting the Language.
212. The Growth of Science.
213. Automobile. Film. Broadcasting.
214 The World Wars.
215. Language as a Mirror of Progress.
216. Sourccsofthc New Words : Borrowings.
217. Self-expiainmg Compouna :
218. Compounds Formeu from Greek and Latin Element!.
219. Prefixes ami Suffixes.
220. Coinages.
221. Common Words from Proper Name.
222. Old Words with New Meanings.
223. The Influence of Journalism.
224. Changes of Meaning.
225. Slang.
226. Cultural Lereis and Functional Varieties.
227. The Standard Speech.
228. English Dialects.
229. English in the Empire.
230. Spelling Reform.
231. The International Aspect.
232. Purist Efioris.
233. The Society for Pure English.
234. The Oxford English Dictionary.
235. Granmatica Tendencies.
236. Verb-adverb Combmations.
237. A Liberal Creed.
11. The English Language in America = 342
238. The Settlement of America.
239. The Thirteen Colonies.
240. The Middle West.
241. The Far West
242. Uniformity of American English.
243. Archaic Features in American English.
244. Early Changes in the Vocabulary.
245. National Consciousness.
246. Noah Webster and an American Language.
247. Webster's Influence on American Spelling.
248. Webster's Influence on American Pronunciation.
249. Pronunciation.
250. The American Dialects.
251. The Controversy over Americanisms.
252. The Purist Attitude.
253. Present Differentiation of Vocabulary.
254. American Words in General English.
255. Scientific Interest in American English.
256. Is American English Good English?
APPENDIX A. Specimens of the Middle English Dialects = 400
APPENDIX B. English Spelling = 413
INDEX = 421
