CONTENTS
Preface = xv
Acknowledgements = xvii
Introduction = xix
List of contributors = xxxv
1. Extracting Linguistic Information from Fo Traces / Wiktor Jassem ; Grazyna Demenko = 1
1. Two Approaches = 1
2. Experiment, Theory and Practice
3. Trends and Methods in Experimental Tonology = 2
3.1 Registration and Interpretation of Instrumentally Obtained Fo Traces
3.2 Aural Analysis = 2
3.3 Synthetic Speech = 3
4. Levels of Intonation Study = 3
5. Representation of Intonation = 3
6. Sources of data = 4
7. From Fo Traces to Functional Units : Sources of Variation = 5
8. The Present Experiment = 8
9. Conclusion = 17
2. Phonological and Acoustic Parameters of English Intonation / Daniel Hirst = 19
1. Introduction : Models and Modules = 19
2. Phonological Parameters = 20
3. Phonetic and Acoustic Parameters = 27
4. Conclusion = 32
3. An Acoustic Study of Some Features of Welsh Prosody / Briony Williams = 35
1. English Stress = 35
2. Prepausal Welsh Words = 37
3. Continuous Welsh Speech = 41
4. Length of Segments = 42
4.1 Vowels = 42
4.2 Consonants = 43
5. Evidence for Penultimate Stress = 43
6. Interval Hearing = 44
7. Foot Measurements = 46
8. The Old Welsh Accent Shift = 48
9. Theoretical Considerations = 49
9.1 'Stress-as-loudness' : Trager and Smith = 49
9.2 ' Stress- as-accent' : Bolinger = 49
9.3 'Stress-as-rhythm' : Liberman = 50
4. An Experimental Approach to the Interpretation of Focus in Spoken English / William H G Wells = 53
1. Information Focus = 53
2. Experimental Design = 53
3. The Data = 54
4. The Experimental Sentences = 54
5. International Domain Under Investigation = 55
6. Judgements Regarding Focus = 55
7. Features of Focus Constituents = 56
8. Results = 59
8.1 Features in Focus = 59
8.2 Feature Groupings = 62
8.3 Restructuring of Feature Groupings = 62
9. Analysis of Results = 63
9.1 Feature Correlations = 63
9.2 Non-phonetic Features = 65
9.3 Focus Categories = 65
9.4 Focus Categories and Phonological Categories = 66
9.5 Phonetic Features of Constituents = 67
9.6 Phonological Function of Features = 67
9.7 Phonological Function and Sentence Final Position = 68
9.8 Focus in Contrastive Constituents = 69
9.9 Non-contrastive Medial Constituents = 70
10. Conclusions = 73
5. The Intonation of George and Mildred : Post-Nuclear Generalisations / Carlos Gussenhoven = 77
1. Introduction = 77
1.1 Preliminary Comments = 77
1.2 Aims of the Investigation = 78
1.3 The Corpus = 79
1.4 Motivation = 79
1.5 Transcription = 80
2. Some Statistical Data = 82
3. Classifying Tails = 85
3.1 Three Categories of Tail = 85
4. Category Ⅰ : [Focus] Tails = 87
4.1 Type 1 : Subject + Intransitive Verb ／ Be Complement = 88
4 2 Type 2 : Transitive Verb + Object + Verbal Particle = 88
4.3 Type 3 : WH-Movement in Questions = 89
4.4 Type 4 : [- Focus] Post-Verbal Argument = 90
4.5 Type 5 : Subject + Passive Verb = 91
4.6 Exceptions to SAAR = 91
5. Category Ⅱ : Typically [- Focus] Expressions = 93
5.1 Time-Space Markers = 95
5.2 Cohesion Markers = 96
5.3 Hearer-Appeal Markers = 97
5.3.1 Tags = 99
5.4 Textual Markers = 102
5.5 Approximatives = 103
6. Comparison with Other Investigations = 105
7. Theoretical Implications = 107
7.1 Status of the Fall-Rise = 108
7.2 The Question of a Separate Intonational Domain = 111
8. Category III : Pragmatically [- Focus] Expressions = 116
8.1 Preliminay Remarks = 116
8.2 Focus Effects = 118
8.2.1 Narrative Effects = 118
8.2.2 Comedy Effects = 118
9. Summary = 121
6. An Integrated Approach to Studying Intonation and Attitude / D Robert Ladd ; Klaus Scherer ; Kim Silverman = 125
1. Background : Two Approaches to Intonation and Attitude = 125
2. Practice and Theory of the Two Approaches = 126
3. One Issue : Direct vs. Indirect = 127
4. Results = 129
5. The Real Issue : Categorical vs. Parametric = 133
6. Integrating the A and B Approaches = 136
7. On the Analysis of Prosodic Turn-Taking Cues / Anne Cutler ; Mark Pearson = 139
1. Introduction = 139
2. Prosodic Structure and Turn-Taking = 140
3. Methodological Issues in the Study of Turn Signals = 142
4. Description of the Experiment = 144
4.1 Materials = 144
4.2 Production Task = 144
4.3 Text Perception Task = 145
4.4 Audio Perception Task 1 : Isolated Presentation = 145
4.5 Audio Perception Task 2 : Paired Presentation = 146
5. Results = 146
5.1 Text Judgements = 146
5.2 Audio Judgements = 147
6. Conclusions = 152
8. Prosodic Features and the Management of Interruptions / Peter French ; John Local = 157
1. Aims = 157
2. Methodology = 157
3. Types of Interruption : Turn-Competitive and Non-Competitive = 159
4. Pitch Height and Loudness in the Management of Interruptions = 164
5. Further Characteristics of Interruptive Speech FILE 4 = 173
6. Concluding Remarks : The Independence of Prosodic Features and Illocutions = 177
9. Patterns and Problems in a Study of Tyneside Intonation / John Local = 181
1. Introduction = 181
2. Characteristics of Tyneside Intonation : Background = 181
3. Intonation Exponents of Categories = 184
4. Prosodic Realisation of Understanding Checks = 188
5. Concluding Remarks = 196
10. Prosodic Differentiation of Discourse Modes / Catherine Johns-Lewis = 199
1. Introduction = 199
1.1 Prosodic Characteristics of Discourse Modes : Background = 199
1.2 Sociolinguistic Studies of Speech Style = 205
2. Discourse Modes : the Place of Taxonomy = 207
3. Pitch in Three Discourse Modes = 209
3.1 Experimental Design = 209
3.1.1 Material = 209
3.1.2 Speakers = 210
3.1.3 Recording = 210
3.1.4 Method of Analysis = 210
3.1.5 Results = 211
3.1.6 Discussion of Results = 212
4. Summary and Conclusion = 216
11. Discourse Specific Pitch Behaviour / David Graddol = 221
1. Introduction = 221
1.1 Experimental Procedure = 222
1.2 Analytical Technique = 223
2. Choice of Pitch Measurements = 223
2.1 General Considerations = 223
2.2 Characterising the Histogram = 224
2.3 Choice of Scale = 228
3. The Data = 228
4. Discussion of Results = 232
4.1 Discourse Variables = 232
4.2 Sex Variables = 234
5. Conclusion = 237
12. The Acquisition of Intonation by Infants : Physiology and Neural Control / Philip Lieberman = 239
1. Introduction = 239
2. The Breath Group = 240
3. The Acquisition of Intonation by Infants = 245
4. Overriding the Vegetative Regularity System = 248
5. Early Imitation of Intonation = 249
6. Linguistic "Base-Forms" = 252
7. Concluding Comments = 257
13. The Role of Temporal Structure and Intonation in Deaf Speech / Ben Maassen = 259
1. Introduction = 259
2. Correlation Studies = 261
2.1 Segmental Errors = 262
2.1.1 Consonant Errors = 262
2.1.2 Vowel Errors = 262
2.2 Suprasegmental Errors = 263
2.2.1 Judgements on Rhythm and Intonation = 263
2.2.2 Temporal Structure = 264
2.2.3 Intonation = 265
3. Speech Transformation Method = 265
3.1 Speech Synthesis = 267
3.2 Temporal Corrections of Deaf Speech = 267
3.3 Temporal and Intonation Correction = 268
4. Summary and Conclusion = 270
References = 273
Index = 293
