상세정보

CONTENTS
Preface = ⅴ
1. Comparative survey （Richard Anker） = 1
  Introduction = 1
  Female labour force participation rates = 2
  Female labour reserve as a source of labour force growth = 3
  Sexual division of labour = 4
  Sex differentials in income = 4
  Reasons for women working = 8
  The "double shift" and the sexual division of household labour = 10
  Fertility differentials = 11
  Concentration and shift in the distribution of fertility = 12
    The exception of the Uzbek SSR = 14
  Fertility­labour force link = 15
  Have population and social policies affected fertility rates? = 17
    Size and scope of programmes and policies = 17
  Bibliography = 20
2. Hungary （Barnab a ´ s Barta, Andr a ´ s Klinger, K a ´ roly Milt e ´ nyi and Gy o ·· rgy Vukovich） = 23
  Female labour force participation and fertility in Hungary = 23
    Female labour force participation = 23
    Levels of fertility = 28
  Factors affecting fertility = 32
    Standard of living of families with children = 32
    Women's status = 35
    Women's labour force participation = 35
    Education = 38
    Urbanisation = 39
    Infant and child mortality = 41
    Population policy = 42
  The effect of female labour force participation on the family = 49
    Marriage rate and age of marriage = 49
    Divorce = 50
    Time budget of women = 52
  Conclusion = 53
  Bibliography = 55
3. Bulgaria （Velitchko Dobrianov, Atanas Atanasov, Pavlina Mihailova and Maria Dinkova） = 57
  Introduction = 57
  General demographic characteristics of the population in Bulgaria = 57
    Population = 57
    Education = 58
  Trends in the development of labour resources in Bulgaria = 59
    Labour resources and women's employment = 59
    Development of female participation in social production = 64
  Trends in the reproductive behaviour of Bulgarian women = 67
    Birth rate, 1945­80 = 67
    Reproductive attitudes of Bulgarian women = 71
  State protection for mothers and the problems of rearing children = 80
    State protection and societal care = 80
    Women and the problem of child­rearing = 84
  Conclusion = 87
  Bibliography = 89
4. Czechoslovakia （Zden e ∨ k Pavlik） = 93
  Introduction = 93
  Changes in reproductive behaviour and population policy = 94
    Fertility levels in the CSR and the SSR = 94
    Population policy measures = 97
    The influence of population policy measures on fertility levels and population climate = 99
  Female labour force participation = 100
    The increase in female economic activity = 100
    Women's attitudes towards labour force participation = 105
  The effect of education and number of children on women's econo­mic activity = 109
    Education = 109
    Number of children and women's economic activity = 109
  Women's time use and division of labour in households = 117
  Standard of living of families with children = 122
  Concluding discussion = 124
  Bibliography = 126
5. Poland （Jerzey Z. Holzer and Halina Wasilawska­Trenkner） = 129
  Introduction = 129
    Socio­economic development and female employment = 130
    Demographic trends : general survey = 133
    Changes in the level of the economic activity of women = 138
  Socio­demographic characteristics of women and their economic activity = 140
    Source of income and the economic activity of women = 140
    Education and economic activity = 143
    Number of children, education and economic activity = 145
    A cohort study of the effect of number of children on economic activity = 149
  Fertility and duration of employment = 155
  Motives for working = 157
  Family size intentions = 157
  Conclusions = 161
  Bibliography = 164
6. Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic （A. Ya Kvasha, A. P. Sudoplatov, A. B. Ata­Mirzaev, I. L. Kalinyuk, V. M. Moiseenko and R.A. Ubaidullayeva） = 167
  Introduction = 167
  A brief history of the Uzbek SSR = 167
  Demographic development = 169
    Population dynamics = 169
    Birth rates = 171
    Effect of education on birth rates = 172
    Effect of size of settlement on birth rates = 173
    Family status and birth trends = 174
    Marriage and divorce = 176
    Mortality = 176
    Migration = 177
  Development of the female population = 179
    Female labour force participation = 179
    Education and female employment = 182
    Structure of the female labour force = 183
    Family income, female status and female employment = 186
  Problems of demographic policy in the Uzbek SSR = 188
    Demographic policy as a major component of socio­economic policy = 188
    Creation of an optimum type of population reproduction = 188
    Legislation and state support = 190
  Conclusion = 192
  Bibliography = 194
7. Cuba （Alfonso Farn o ´ s, Fernanda Gonz a ´ lez and Ra u ´ l Hern a ´ ndez） = 197
  Introduction = 197
  The situation of women : general determinants and their changes, before and after the Revolution = 198
  Fertility : recent levels and trends = 202
    Background = 202
    Decline of fertility in the 1970s = 203
    Fertility according to area and province of residence = 205
  Some factors connected with changes in fertility = 208
    Female labour force participation = 208
    Educational levels = 214
    Mortality levels = 218
    Marriage and divorce = 221
    Contraception and abortion = 225
  Current policy changes and their effects on the situation of Cuban women = 227
  General conclusions = 230
  Bibliography = 233
Figures
  1. Percentage distribution of live births by age group of mother in Hungary, in 1901, 1930, 1960 and 1980 = 30
  2. Birth rate trend in Bulgaria, 1945­80 = 68
  3. Age­specific fertility rates in Cuba, 1970­80 = 205
  4. Gross reproduction rate and crude female economic activity rate in Cuba, 1970­77 = 210
  5. Marriage and divorce rates in Cuba, 1959­79 = 222
  6. Divorces according to duration of marriage in Cuba, 1966­76 = 224
  7. Mean duration of marriages in Cuba, 1966­76 = 225
Tables
  1. Female labour force participation rates, percentage of labour force which is female and percentage of labour force growth due to increase in female employment in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and the Uzbek SSR, 1950­80 = 3
  2. Percentage of labour force which is female by branch of the economy or socio­occupational group in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and the Uzbek SSR, various years = 5
  3. Educational levels of male and female labour force participants in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, the USSR and the Uzbek SSR, various years = 7
  4. Average daily time spent in various activities by working men and women in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, various years = 9
  5. Time trends in total fertility rates in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, France, Hungary, Poland, the United States and the Uzbek SSR, 1937­80 = 12
  6. Percentage distribution of fertility by age group of woman and total fertility rate in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland and the Uzbek SSR, various years = 13
  7. Percentage distribution of live births by parity of birth, and crude birth rate in Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, 1960­80 = 15
  8. Average number of children per married woman of childbearing age by economic activity status in Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia and Hungary, various years = 16