CONTENTS
Preface = ⅸ
1 Introduction = 1
1.1 Phonology before SPE = 1
1.2 SPE phonology = 7
1.3 Phonological theory since SPE = 11
1.3.1 Autosegmental phonology = 11
1.3.2 Metrical phonology = 15
1.3.3 Prosodic phonology = 17
1.3.4 Underspecification theory = 18
1.3.5 Lexical phonology = 20
1.4 What is English? = 21
1.5 Overview = 22
2 Segmental phonology = 25
2.1 Levels of representation = 25
2.2 English consonants = 28
2.2.1 Glottal stop = 28
2.2.2 Voiceless [○] = 29
2.2.3 Affricates = 29
2.2.4 Distinctive features of English consonants = 30
2.2.5 Segments with restricted distribution = 32
2.3 English vowels = 34
2.3.1 Short, lax vowels = 34
2.3.2 Tense vowels and diphthongs = 35
2.3.3 Diphthongs as single units = 37
2.4 Towards systematic phonemics = 38
2.5 Phonology and orthography = 42
2.6 Exercises = 44
3 The syllable and the mora = 47
3.1 CV syllables = 47
3.2 More complex syllables = 52
3.3 The syllable in SPE = 55
3.4 The internal structure of the syllable = 58
3.4.1 The syllable boundary approach = 58
3.4.2 The autosegmental approach = 59
3.4.3 The constituent structure approach = 62
3.4.4 The moraic approach = 62
3.5 The syllable in English = 65
3.5.1 The onset = 65
3.5.2 The coda = 68
3.5.3 The Coda Condition = 70
3.6 Exercises = 76
4 English stress = 77
4.1 Preliminaries = 77
4.2 A parametric approach to stress = 78
4.2.1 Quantity insensitive systems = 79
4.2.2 Quantity sensitive systems = 86
4.3 Stress assignment in English = 91
4.3.1 The English Stress Rule = 91
4.3.2 Stress retraction = 96
4.4 Word Tree Construction = 98
4.5 Destressing rules = 102
4.5.1 Prestress Destrcssing = 102
4.5.2 Poststress Destressing = 104
4.5.3 Medial Destressing = 107
4.5.4 Sonorant Destressing = 108
4.6 Summary of the stress rules =111
4.7 The cyclicity of stress rules = 111
4.8 On the treatment of exceptions = 115
4.9 Further reading = 119
4.10 Exercises = 119
5 Prosodic phonology = 121
5.1 Prosodic constituents in phonology = 121
5.1.1 Why prosodic constituents? = 121
5.1.2 The prosodic hierarchy = 123
5.2 The syllable (σ) and the foot (F) = 125
5.3 The phonological word (ω) and the clitic group (C) = 132
5.3.1 The phonological word and Diphthong Shortening = 132
5.3.2 The clitic group (C) = 134
5.4 The phonological phrase (ø) = 137
5.5 The intonation phrase (I) = 142
5.6 The phonological utterance (U) = 147
5.7 The ordering of the rules = 151
5.8 Conclusion = 153
5.9 Exercises = 153
6 Lexical phonology: the cyclic rules = 155
6.1 Principles of lexical phonology = 155
6.2 The interaction of morphology and phonology = 158
6.2.1 An affix sensitive to stress = 158
6.2.2 Zero derivation = 160
6.3 The order of affixes = 161
6.4 Rule cyclicity = 164
6.5 The Strict Cycle Condition = 165
6.6 CiV Tensing and s-Voicing = 170
6.7 Interaction of stress rules with cyclic segmental rules = 172
6.8 Other laxing processes = 174
6.9 The morphology and phonology of English strong verbs = 181
6.9.1 Verbs suffixed at stratum 1 = 181
6.9.2 Ablaut = 183
6.10 Exercises = 187
7 Lexical phonology: the postcyclic rules = 189
7.1 Vowel Shift = 189
7.1.1 Basic cases of Vowel Shift = 189
7.1.2 [oy] = 196
7.1.3 Another tensing rule = 197
7.1.4 Summary = 199
7.2 Velar Softening = 199
7.3 Palatalization = 200
7.3.1 Spirantization = 204
7.3.2 SPE on right and righteous = 206
7.4 Types of rule ordering = 207
7.5 Other word-level processes = 209
7.6 Vowel Reduction = 211
7.7 Stem-final Tensing = 214
7.8 Exercises = 216
8 Postlexical phonology and conclusion = 219
8.1 Postlexical phonology = 219
8.1.1 Stop allophones = 220
8.1.2 l-Velarization = 221
8.1.3 Sonorant Devoicing = 223
8.1.4 Diphthong Shortening = 223
8.1.5 Other rules = 224
8.1.6 Summary = 227
8.2 Some other approaches = 228
8.3 General conclusion = 235
References = 239
Index = 247
