CONTENTS
Acknowledgements = xiii
Notation and abbrevations = xiv
1 Introduction = 1
1.1 Predicates and arguments = 2
1.2 Grammatical roles = 4
1.2.1 Grammatical and notional roles = 4
1.2.2 Types of marking = 6
1.2.3 Agent and Patient = 8
1.2.4 Other grammatical roles = 10
1.3 Grammatical relations = 11
1.3.1 Accusative, ergative etc. = 11
1.3.2 Roles and relations (ⅰ) = 14
1.4 Passive and antipassive = 16
1.4.1 Promotion and demotion = 16
1.4.2 Roles and relations (ⅱ) = 18
1.5 Other issues = 21
2 Roles and relations = 22
2.1 Agent and Patient = 22
2.1.1 The universality of the distinction = 22
2.1.2 Notional roles = 25
2.2 Subject, Object and animacy = 29
2.3 Beneficiary-Dative = 31
2.3.1 Basic uses = 31
2.3.2 Promotion and demotion = 34
2.3.3 Animacy = 36
2.4 Primary and Secondary Objects = 37
2.5 Experiencers, 'modal subjects' etc. = 40
2.6 Locatives and Instrumentals = 44
2.7 Other roles and sub-roles = 47
2.8 Problematic constructio = 49
3 Accusative, ergative and agentive systems = 53
3.1 Ergative marking = 53
3.2 Conflicting criteria = 56
3.3 Variation by grammatical category = 57
3.3.1 Tense/Aspect = 57
3.3.2 Class of nominal = 59
3.3.3 Main/subordinate clause = 61
3.4 Systems with three basic relations = 63
3.5 Agentive systems = 65
3.5.1 Basic systems = 66
3.5.2 Meaning = 70
3.5.3 Variation by grammatical category = 73
3.5.4 Other types of agentivity = 76
3.6 Georgian and Tabassaran = 78
3.6.1 Georgian = 79
3.6.2 Tabassaran = 82
3.6.3 Semantic issues = 85
4 Syntactic relation = 88
4.1 Syntactic pivots = 88
4.1.1 Coordination = 89
4.1.2 Complementation = 93
4.1.3 Relatives = 96
4.1.4 Other constructions = 100
4.2 Syntax vs. morphology = 104
4.3 Pivots and 'dative subjects' = 107
4.4 Imperatives = 111
4.5 Pivots in an agentive system = 113
4.6 The syntactic role of passive and antipassive = 114
5 Passive = 117
5.1 The identification of the passive = 117
5.2 Promotion of Object = 119
5.3 Promotion of oblique terms = 125
5.4 Impersonal and 'affected' passives = 127
5.5 Passives and topicalization = 132
5.6 Functions of the passive = 136
5.7 Varieties of passive = 138
6 Passive: related and problematic issues = 142
6.1 Reflexives and indefinites as passives = 142
6.2 Other passive-like constructions = 145
6.3 The middle voice = 150
6.4 Multiple functions of passive markers = 156
6.5 Passives in ergative systems = 158
6.6 Promotion to object = 161
6.6.1 The applicative = 161
6.6.2 Applicatives and passivization = 163
6.6.3 The situation in English = 169
6.7 Theoretical issues = 171
7 Antipassive = 176
7.1 Form of the antipassive = 176
7.2 Functions of the antipassive = 178
7.2.1 Creation of pivots = 178
7.2.2 Detransitivization = 181
7.3 Promotion of oblique relations = 186
7.4 Detransitives without antipassive = 187
7.5 Incorporation = 191
7.6 Lexical issues = 195
7.7 Antipassives in accusative systems = 197
7.8 The typological status of ergative systems = 199
8 Topic and inverse systems = 201
8.1 Topic systems = 201
8.1.1 Morphology = 201
8.1.2 Syntax = 204
8.2 Inverse systems = 207
8.2.1 Basic systems = 208
8.2.2 Inverse systems and passives = 211
9 Causatives = 214
9.1 Forms of the causative = 214
9.2 The 'paradigm case' = 218
9.3 Contrasting structures = 221
9.3.1 'Active' and 'passive' causatives = 221
9.3.2 'Single event' causatives = 224
9.3.3 Periphrastic vs. morphological causatives = 226
9.3.4 Other issues = 227
9.4 Double causatives = 231
9.5 Related constructions = 232
9.6 Adversity passives = 234
9.7 An alternative interpretation of causatives = 236
9.8 Final observations = 239
Glossary of terms = 241
References and citation index = 243
Language index = 253
General index = 255
