Detail View

CONTENTS
List of Figures = ⅸ
List of Tables = xiii
Abbreviations = ⅳ
1 Introduction = 1
 1.1 Phonetics and phonology = 1
 1.2 Theory and analysis = 4
 1.3 Relationships with other fields = 5
 1.4 Outline of this book = 7
 Exercises = 8
2 The Anatomy and Physiology of Speech Production = 9
 2.1 Introduction = 9
 2.2 A functional overview of the speech production process = 9
 2.3 The organs of speech = 13
 2.4 The nervous system = 16
 2.5 The respiratory system = 21
 2.6 The larynx = 29
 2.7 Phonation = 36
 2.8 The pharynx = 42
 2.9 The velum and the nasal cavity = 44
 2.10 The oral cavity = 47
 2.11 The tongue = 48
 2.12 The lips = 50
 2.13 The mandible = 52
 Exercises = 54
3 Segmental Articulation = 56
 3.1 Introduction = 56
 3.2 Airstream mechanisms = 56
 3.3 Modes of phonation = 59
 3.4 Vocalic sounds = 62
 3.5 Duration and glide in vocalic articulations = 72
 3.6 Consonantal sounds = 75
 3.7 Vocal tract place = 77
 3.8 Tongue position = 79
 3.9 Manner of articulation = 81
 3.10 Stricture = 87
 3.11 Force = 89
 3.12 Length = 89
 3.13 Voice onset = 90
 Exercises = 91
4 Units of Speech = 93
 4.1 Identifying the units of speech = 93
 4.2 Complex articulations = 98
 4.3 Nasalization = 99
 4.4 Labialization = 100
 4.5 Palatalization = 100
 4.6 Velarization and pharyngealization = 101
 4.7 Affrication = 101
 4.8 Double articulation = 101
 4.9 Vowel retroflexion = 102
 4.10 Diphthongization = 102
 4.11 Syllabicity = 103
 4.12 Segmentation and structure = 105
 4.13 Diphthongs and related phenomena = 107
 4.14 Interpretations = 110
 Exercises = 114
5 The Phonemic Organization of Speech = 116
 5.1 Phonetic variability = 116
 5.2 The phoneme = 124
 5.3 Allophones = 127
 5.4 Phonemic norms = 131
 5.5 Pattern and symmetry = 132
 5.6 Phonological reality = 136
 5.7 Units and boundaries = 137
 5.8 Invariance and overlap = 139
 5.9 Bluniqueness and neutralization = 142
 5.10 Morphophonemic alternations = 146
 5.11 Free variation = 148
 Exercises = 150
6 The Generative Approach to Phonology = 152
 6.1 The origins of generative phonology = 152
 6.2 The sound pattern of English = 154
 6.3 Basic rule notation in generative phonology = 156
 6.4 Formalism and evaluation = 162
 6.5 Abbreviatory devices in rule notation = 164
 6.6 Rule order = 170
 6.7 Functional considerations = 172
 6.8 Naturalness and markedness = 176
 6.9 Abstractness = 178
 Exercises = 181
7 The Acoustics of Speech Production = 183
 7.1 The nature of sound = 183
 7.2 The propagation of sound = 185
 7.3 Simple harmonic motion = 185
 7.4 Complex vibrations = 192
 7.5 Resonance = 194
 7.6 Basic amplitude properties of sound waves = 197
 7.7 Time domain properties of sound waves = 201
 7.8 Frequency domain properties of sound waves = 202
 7.9 Some basic perceptual properties of sound waves = 207
 7.10 The acoustic model of speech production = 211
 7.11 Phonation as a sound source = 212
 7.12 Sources of frication = 215
 7.13 The vocal tract filter in vowel production = 217
 7.14 Spectrographic analysis of speech = 227
 7.15 Acoustic properties of vowel quality = 238
 7.16 The vocal tract filter in consonant production = 248
 7.17 The acoustic properties of consonants in syllables = 255
 7.18 The relationship between articulatory and acoustic properties of speech production = 264
 7.19 Acoustic features of prosody = 268
 7.20 Speech perception = 271
 Exercises = 274
8 Prosody = 276
 8.1 Introduction = 276
 8.2 The phonetic basis of suprasegmentals = 279
 8.3 The systemic organization of prosody = 286
 8.4 Tone language = 289
 8.5 Pitch-accent languages = 293
 8.6 Stress in English = 295
 8.7 Stress assignment = 299
 8.8 Intonation in English = 303
 Exercises = 308
9 Feature Systems = 309
 9.1 Introduction = 309
 9.2 Acoustic features = 309
 9.3 Articulatory features = 310
 9.4 Perceptual features = 310
 9.5 Distinctive features = 311
 9.6 Cover features = 313
 9.7 Abstract features = 314
 9.8 Accuracy and universality = 315
 9.9 Universal feature systems = 319
 9.10 Features and discreteness = 320
 9.11 Hierarchical organization of features = 321
 9.12 Overview = 324
 Exercises = 324
10 The Progress of Phonology = 326
 10.1 Currents of theory = 326
 10.2 Phonetics and phonology before the twentieth century = 329
 10.3 The phoneme = 331
 10.4 The traditions of phonetics = 332
 10.5 Phonology in North America = 333
 10.6 The Prague School = 334
 10.7 Glossematics and stratificational phonology = 336
 10.8 Prosodic phonology = 337
 10.9 Generative phonology = 339
 10.10 Natural generative phonology = 341
 10.11 Natural phonology = 342
 10.12 Autosegmental and CV phonology = 344
 10.13 Metrical phonology = 347
 10.14 Lexical phonology = 349
 10.15 Dependency phonology = 351
 10.16 Experimental phonology = 352
 10.17 Conclusion = 355
 Exercises = 357
Appendix 1: Phonetic Symbols = 358
 1.1 Vowel symbols = 358
 1.2 Consonant symbols = 359
 1.3 Diacritics and conventions for complex articulations = 361
 1.4 Symbols used in transcription of English = 361
Appendix 2: Features = 364
 2.1 Jakobson and Halle's distinctive features = 364
 2.2 Chomsky and Halle's universal set of phonetic features = 365
 2.3 Ladefoged's 'traditional features' = 366
 2.4 Components in dependency phonology = 367
References = 369
Index = 386